Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings最新文献

{"title":"Extreme Cold-Bending: Geometric Considerations and Shape Prediction with Machine Learning","authors":"Keyan Rahimzadeh, Evan Levelle, J. Douglas","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.460","url":null,"abstract":"Cold-bent glass is seeing increasing adoption in construction projects with non-planar geometries. This paper presents work undergone for a set of four high-rise towers, featuring 11,136 unique cold-bent panels, hundreds of which are pushed beyond 250mm. The panels are all unique, non-rectangular, and in some cases, slightly curved. The challenging geometry complicates the prediction of the final panel shape, which is an essential step for producing fabrication drawings of a panel’s flat shape prior to bending. While Machine Learning is still a nascent technology in the AEC industry, prediction is a class of problems for which many Machine Learning techniques are ideal, especially when dealing with a large quantity of data, or in this case, panels. The paper discusses the geometric characteristics of highly bent glass, a methodology for the shape prediction of the panels, and the use of Machine Learning in its implementation. The methodology was deployed for over 3,500 pieces of installed architectural glass, and was shown to reduce geometric deviations as much as 75%, down to sub-millimetre tolerances.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121941838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a Curved Duplex Façade for a 67 m High Residential Tower at the Belgian Coast","authors":"B. Van Lancker, Kenny Martens","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.459","url":null,"abstract":"Designed by Neutelings & Riedijk and Bureau Bouwtechniek, the Heldentoren (Eng. Hero tower) is a 67 m high residential tower situated in Knokke-Heist at the Belgian coast. On floor level +2, +7, +12 and +17, the curtain wall façade spans two floors and is partially curved with a bending radius of 2.3 m for which 88.2(ANG, PVB)/15(Ar)/88.2(ANG, PVB) hot bent insulated glass units are used. Considering viscoelastic material behaviour of the interlayers, implementing the curved shape of the glazing and performing geometrically nonlinear analyses, however, will structurally result in more economical glass compositions. The structural design of this duplex façade faced some challenges: high aesthetical requirements by using slim profiles, the curvature resulting in horizontal in-plane reaction forces on the anchors and anchorages combined with large eccentricities, and the impossibility to apply traditional curtain wall design principles leading to the need of structural calculations on system level taking into account the stiffness of the connections between mullions and transoms. The node stiffness was obtained by designing stainless steel stiffeners. Glass bearers transferring the glazing’s self-weight directly to the mullions avoided torsion in the curved transoms. The adopted design method led to a reduction with a factor 4.2 for the bending moments and deflections of the mullions compared to traditional design principles. A mock-up of the duplex façade allowed the identification and solution of technical issues and installation-related difficulties by the façade builder. Potential consequences of these interventions with respect to the structural performance of the façade could be revised as well.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132857205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Rheological Behavior of Composite Interlayer in Laminated Glass","authors":"Dongdong Xie, Jian Yang, Xing-er Wang, Chenjun Zhao, Xian Jiang, Gang Li","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.408","url":null,"abstract":"Laminated glass is growing its application in structural entities. The thermoplastic polymeric interlayer plays an important role in transferring force and achieving the composite action in laminated glass, which reveals evident temperature-dependent behavior. In this study, a novel composite interlayer (SGE®) was devised to improve the resistance of laminated glass against environmental actions and to enhance the post-fracture performance. It is comprised of modified ethylene-vinyl-acetate (PVE®) and polycarbonate (PC). Through dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, the temperature-dependent characteristics of SGE, PVE, and PC materials were investigated in detail. The results show that the thermal rheological behavior of SGE is similar to that of PVE. The temperature ranges of glass transition and crystal melting of SGE material are -35°C ~ -25°C and 45°C ~ 75°C, respectively. The corresponding ranges are -35°C ~ -15°C and 35°C ~ 65°C for PVE material. And temperature ranges of the main transition are influenced by imposed frequency. Besides, the relationship between time and temperature for PVE, PC, and SGE material is extensively complicated and the complexity depends on the investigated mechanical property, temperature range, and time range. And the simple thermal rheological behavior emerges in the storage modulus of polymers, but loss modulus and loss factor conform to the complex thermal rheological behavior at the temperature range of -50°C ~ 120°C under the frequency range of 0.1 Hz ~ 10 Hz.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132340881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planning Phases of Glass Projects","authors":"P. Lenk","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.445","url":null,"abstract":"This paper showcases the challenges in design, fabrication, and installation of glass projects. The modus operandi of an engineer working with glass is presented and the rationale behind the decisions explained. The first section discusses the motivations in several projects. The life cycle phases of the projects are outlined. The second chapter introduces the importance of conceptual design and generation of options on an all-glass staircase project example. Communication of the design intent is outlined in the third chapter, supported with graphical communication extracted from our recent project of a feature wall and glass elevator. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on procurement and construction phases with primary focus on the recently finished Coal Drops Yard in London. Final remarks on the structural glass design experience are presented in the conclusions.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133440009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color Depth","authors":"C. Newell, Ryan Craney","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.409","url":null,"abstract":"Color Depth is a material-based research project investigating the optical and structural properties of thick glass. The research is driven by an interest in optical gradients of transparency and color, which are designed through a manipulation of geometric form and composition. These qualities can be attributed to the interrelated optical effects created through reflection, refraction, and volume color, in direct correlation to the geometry of individual glass pieces and overall glass assemblies. An example of this can be seen in viewing a monolithic volume of glass that would appear to change color by varying the depths of its form. This concept was originally discussed in Josef Albers’ Interaction of Colour, and applied more specifically to glass in recent essays by Heike Brachlow.  Color Depth utilizes this phenomenon of perceived color variation to construct and analyze architectural glass forms in both physical prototypes and design speculation. To evaluate architectural design opportunities, a multi-objective optimization workflow simulates and evaluates varying glass colors, forms, and compositions to achieve a desired visual effect. Additionally, the digital optimization process reveals patterns and visual effects that further the understanding of optical gradients when applied in an architectural context with various seasonal and diurnal environments. Keying into the geometry of glass– to deploy changes in color, darkness, or translucency—Color Depth ties together the physical attributes of a material system with its surrounding light.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115572240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre- and Post-Failure Experimental Bending Analysis of Glass Elements Coated by Aged Anti-Shatter Safety Films","authors":"Silvana Mattei, L. Cozzarini, C. Bedon","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.401","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of Anti-Shatter Films (ASFs) applications for structural glass is to create a barrier able to keep together fragments and minimize risk after any impulsive or static load that could lead glass to cracking. The influence of ASF properties on the flexural strength of coated glass elements is thus a relevant topic for safe design purposes, but still little investigated. To this aim, an experimental material investigation is presented in this paper, in order to achieve a good knowledge of common ASFs from a chemical point of view. Moreover, the deterioration of mechanical and adhesion characteristics for ASF samples subjected to different environmental conditions and accelerated ageing is also investigated, so as to simulate the effects of long-term exposure to high humidity (HU) or high temperature (HT). An experimental campaign carried out on 20 small scale ASF-coated glass specimens is finally presented, based on a three-point bending (3PB) test setup. The out-of-plane bending response of unaged or aged samples is performed by taking into account two different displacement-rate levels, to assess their performance and bending capacity under steady-static or impulsive loads. In both cases, the attention is given to the characterization of elastic and post-failure performances. Finally, support for the interpretation of experimental outcomes is derived from a simplified theoretical model of composite beam with partial connection, in order to estimate the shear stiffness of ASF adhesive components in the elastic stage.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128199427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Performance of Vacuum Insulating Glazing Units Subjected to a Soft Body Impact","authors":"I. Schulz, C. Kocer, F. Paschke, J. Schneider","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.443","url":null,"abstract":"The Vacuum Insulated Glazing is a highly thermally insulating structure consisting of two (or more) glass sheets, separated by an evacuated gap, and sealed hermetically at the glass edges. An array of support pillars maintains the separation of the panes under the constant load of atmospheric pressure. The performance and durability of the VIG, in terms of thermal loads and atmospheric pressure, has been well studied and ISO Standards have recently been published (ISO 19916-1:2018 and 19916-3:2021). However, the mechanical performance of the VIG, especially when exposed to dynamic loads, has not been dealt with in the scientific literature. The goal of this work is to investigate the mechanical performance of VIG’s subjected to soft body impact and gain insight into the failure mechanisms of the VIG when exposed to dynamic loads. Measurements of the surface stress on the glass were performed, when the VIG is subjected to the twin-tire pendulum impact test, as outlined in the Standard DIN EN 12600:2002. Two VIG units and one laminated VIG unit were tested and the results were compared to numerical data of a monolithic glass pane. It was found that the VIG failed at drop heights much lower than that prescribed in the Standard. An examination of the glass fracture patterns highlighted an origin of fracture caused by the contact of pillar-to-glass.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130710114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of Glass to Iron-based Shape Memory Alloy Adhesive Shear Joints with Different Geometry","authors":"Zhikang Deng, V. Silvestru, J. Michels, Lingzhen Li, E. Ghafoori, A. Taras","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.397","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has shown that glass beams with external, mechanical post-tensioning along their edges show better structural performance than glass beams without any such reinforcement. The initial and post-fracture load-bearing capacity of glass beams can be increased by reinforcing them with stainless steel or fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) tendons that are post-tensioned and connected to the beam edges. However, post-tensioning of stainless steel or FRP bars or strips is complex and challenging because it often requires special setups, such as hydraulic jacks. Iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMAs) are promising post-tensioning materials due to their efficient activation procedure and good mechanical properties. The target prestress level can be introduced by heating the Fe-SMA to a specific temperature followed by cooling down naturally to ambient temperature. As a contribution to assessing the feasibility of strengthening glass elements with adhesively bonded Fe-SMA strips, this paper focuses on the bond behavior of glass-to-Fe-SMA lap-shear joints based on numerical investigations. A finite element model is developed to evaluate the effect of adhesive thickness, Fe-SMA strip thickness and bond length on the structural behavior of glass to Fe-SMA lap-shear joints.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133393367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curtain of Glass – Textured by Stone","authors":"M. Engelmann, Klaus Reuschle, S. Muscatello, Thomas Sperandio","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.426","url":null,"abstract":"The new World Trade Center site was rebuilt after 9/11 comprising seven mayor skyscrapers around the memorial site and the 9/11 museum. Between WTC 2 and WTC 3, Santiago Calatrava’s Oculus Station spans its wings in the NY air while finally, the complex is completed by the “The Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center”. This building sets a one-in-a-kind visual appearance to the area. Its four-sided, 42 m tall, even facade is made from 4736 equal-sized insulated glass panes. More specifically, the architectural vision is to create a marble stone front covered with glass which results in a stone-glass laminate as a part of an insulated glass unit. The marble shows a distinguished white face with crisp black veining. Each of the four elevations of the building impresses with a perfect symmetry and veins touching at the vertical center line. So, the design team at Josef Gartner was challenged to set-up a logistics chain from quarry in Portugal where the stone panels were cut and catalogued to glass production of laminated glass in France and IGUs in Germany and assembly of curtain wall mega-panels at Gartner in Germany up to the site in Lower Manhattan. Our in-house logistics concept, customized for this project, guarantees that each individual piece of stone finds its correct and unique spot defined by the architect on the 7,000 m2 surface – a large-scale game of “Matching Pairs”.                The steel base building provides a cantilevering roof that holds 128 hot-rolled steel mullions. Each 36 m in length with one intermediate lateral support only. This allows the visitor to experience a clear and unobstructed view along the transom-free facade elements that carry the translucent stone-wall. During the day, it appears white from the outside and shines with an amber-glow during the night when the interior space is illuminated.  We show the use of a novel stone-glass product that is exposed to a variety of requirements. The logistics chain is described from quarry to site making sure that the architectural and economical demand is met along the whole process. Finally, the team connects all branches in facade design using stone, aluminum, glass and architectural exposed structural steel assembled in one landmark project.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132659828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Durability of Cold-Bent Insulating Glass Units","authors":"P. Demontis, Julie Endress, V. Nardini, A. Vernier","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.378","url":null,"abstract":"Curved and free-form glass façades represent a clear trend in architectural design. Hot bending is the most common technique used to produce curved Insulating Glass Units (IGU). Although its effectiveness has been proved in many projects, it is well known that it can also be very expensive due to the big number of moulds usually required to build up a free-form façade. As alternative to the ‘hot-bending’ technique, the increasingly used ‘cold-bending’ method is investigated in this paper being less expensive as well as more sustainable. Such method consists in imposing an out-of-plane displacement to flat insulating glass units and generally requires forces of limited magnitude applied on site during installation. Cold-bending introduces permanent loads into the glass panes, the glass interlayers, the secondary sealing as well as the primary sealing, the latter one responsible for the gas retention and the resistance to moisture penetration in the IGU cavity. The paper presents the results of FEM analysis as well as tests performed on double glazed units including Sikasil® IG-25 secondary sealing joints and SikaGlaze® IG-5 PIB as primary seal and investigates their behavior due to cold-bending and exposure to climate conditions in accordance with EN1279-2. The results show that appropriate FE analysis can well predict the behaviour of the cold-bent system and that the amount of out-of-plane displacement introduced in the IGUs does not affect their integrity and durability. As example, the cold-bent limit identified is applied for shaping a cold-bent IGUs façade in a high-rise building.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133053588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}