Intermetallics最新文献

{"title":"Effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure, IMCs growth, and shear property of Cu/Sn-9Zn-30Cu/Cu solder joint by transient liquid phase bonding","authors":"Yang Zheng ,&nbsp;Zheng Liu ,&nbsp;Haodong Wu ,&nbsp;Yucong He ,&nbsp;Li Yang ,&nbsp;Yaocheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, Cu/Sn-9Zn-30Cu/Cu solder joints were prepared by low-temperature transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding. The effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure, intermetallic compounds (IMCs) growth and shear property of the Cu/Sn-9Zn-30Cu/Cu solder joints was investigated. The results showed the microstructure of the <em>in-situ</em> reaction zone mainly consisted of Cu₃(Sn,Zn), Cu₆(Sn,Zn)₅, Cu particles and Zn-rich phases when the bonding temperature was 260 °C. With increasing bonding temperature, the Cu particles and Zn-rich phases were decreased. The interfacial IMCs were composed of Cu₃(Sn,Zn) and Cu₆(Sn,Zn)₅. The thickness of the interfacial IMCs increased with increasing bonding temperature, while Kirkendall voids were formed at the Cu₃(Sn,Zn)/Cu interface. The activation energy of interfacial IMCs was 27.06 kJ/mol. The shear strength of the solder joint reached the maximum value of 17.24 MPa when the bonding temperature increased to 280 °C. When the bonding temperatures were 260 °C and 280 °C, the fracture position of the solder joint was in the <em>in-situ</em> reaction zone. With increasing bonding temperature, the fracture position of the solder joint shifted to the interfacial IMCs, and then returned to the <em>in-situ</em> reaction zone. The fracture mode of all solder joints was brittle fracture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 108722"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ formation of γ-TiAl based alloy coatings on a titanium alloy by tungsten inert gas cladding","authors":"Donglu Mo ,&nbsp;Cheng Chen ,&nbsp;Haonan Zhong ,&nbsp;Jian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The γ-TiAl based alloy coatings were synthesized on the Ti-5Al alloy substrates through in-situ surface alloying using the tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding method. The effects of welding parameters on the microstructure, phase composition and microhardness of the coatings were investigated. The temperature gradient and cooling rate distributions during the melting-solidification process were calculated by means of a numerical simulation method. The results demonstrated that a higher welding current resulted in a narrower and deeper welding pool, while an appropriate increase in welding speed led to a shallower and wider one. A continuous cladding layer without microdefects was obtained at the welding current of 80 A and the welding speed of 200 mm/min. The layer contained about 47.62 at.% Al and was composed of γ-TiAl and α₂-Ti₃Al phases. The crystallizing morphologies in the welding pool transitioned from planar grains at the bottom to dendrites growing from the bottom to the center, and finally to dendrites aligned with the welding direction at the top. The phase transition of the dendrites proceeded as L→α→γ+α₂, and the interdendritic constituents evolved along L→α→γ, ultimately forming a microstructure of massive γ distributed between the α₂/γ lamellar colonies. The microhardness of the cladding layer was above 350 HV_0.1. The as-synthesized coating had the potential to improve surface properties of the titanium alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 108715"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced elasticity, fracture toughness and hardness in refractory TiZrHfNb high-entropy alloys by N- and O- doping engineering","authors":"Qingze Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Xiuxiu Yang ,&nbsp;Yipeng Wang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Shen ,&nbsp;Xin Li ,&nbsp;Cangtao Zhou ,&nbsp;Yongtao Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) doping have been considered as a new strategy to simultaneously improve the strength and fracture toughness/ductility of refractory TiZrHfNb high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Here, for the first time, we report the effects of N- and O- doping on the elasticity, fracture toughness and hardness of TiZrHfNb HEAs. Interestingly, the incorporation of N and/or O significantly enhances the elasticity and Vickers hardness of TiZrHfNb-based HEAs. More strikingly, the fracture toughness is enhanced by ∼33.3 %, and the hardness is simultaneously strengthened up to ∼10.4 % with the doping of 2.0 at% oxygen in TiZrHfNb-base HEAs. By contrast, the bulk modulus and shear rigidity show a monotonic increase with increasing N/O doping in (TiZrHfNb)_100-x-yO_xN_y HEAs. The enhancement in bulk and shear moduli is more pronounced for N-doped HEAs compared to O-doped ones, which is attributed to the larger lattice distortions in the N-doped HEAs. These findings offer new insights into the design and preparation of novel refractory HEAs and enrich the understanding of the strengthening mechanisms in light element-doped HEAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 108714"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion and wear behavior of the Fe-based amorphous coating in extremely aggressive solutions","authors":"Shuai Cui ,&nbsp;Wei Tong ,&nbsp;Haimin Zhai ,&nbsp;Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Dangsheng Xiong ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Yujie Qiang","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fe-based amorphous coatings (Fe-based AMCs) are a cost-effective solution for improving the corrosion and wear protection performance of high-end equipment seals operating under various harsh operating environments. However, relatively little research has been done to demonstrate how coating microstructural defects affect the protective performance of the passive film and how corrosion ions control the degree of wear interface response. Herein, Fe-based AMCs with various microstructures were prepared using detonation spraying under different spraying parameters, and the resultant coatings were named as Fe-based AMC-A, B and C. The corrosion and wear behaviors of the resulting coatings were assessed using the electrochemical corrosion and wear test in 1 mol/L NaCl, 1 mol/L H₂SO₄ and 1 mol/L NaOH. The results show that the corrosion and wear performance of Fe-based AMCs is directly influenced by their microstructures and the wear interface interactions between the tribopairs. The heterogeneous distribution of chemical components caused by pores and crystalline phases could reduce the corrosion resistance of the coating. Fe-based AMC-B has the highest corrosion potential (−389 mV) and lowest corrosion current density (3.088 × 10⁻⁶ A cm⁻²). Hydrogen ion enrichment accelerates the anodic polarization and hydration reaction of Si₃N₄ ball, whereas high concentrations of hydroxide ions have the opposite effect. Because of the high degree of hydration reactions and high content of MoO₃, the friction coefficient (0.34 ± 0.01) and wear rate (6.94 × 10⁻⁶ mm³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹) of the coating were lowest in the acidic solution, while the friction coefficient (0.63 ± 0.02) and wear rate (27.8 × 10⁻⁶ mm³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹) of the coating in the NaOH solution were highest compared to that in H₂SO₄ and NaCl solutions. The wear mechanisms of the coating in corrosive solutions can be understood with tribo-chemical wear and corrosion wear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 108713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacancy diffusion mechanism in K-state formation of NiCrAlFe alloy","authors":"Yamin Li ,&nbsp;Qian Chen ,&nbsp;Zhide Li ,&nbsp;Shutong Fan ,&nbsp;Hongjun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenge of determining the atomic occupancy of the K-state, the diffusion and migration behavior of vacancies in the NiCrAlFe alloy was investigated using first-principles calculations based on the climbing image nudged elastic band method (CI-NEB). The results indicate that Nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr) atoms tend to diffuse via a nearest-neighbor mechanism facilitated by vacancies. Ni atoms exhibit uphill diffusion, resulting in the formation of an enriched region on the (111) plane with the highest diffusion rate. Cr atoms diffuse along the [110] direction, leading to the formation of short-range ordered (SRO) structures characterized by alternating arrangements of Ni and Cr atoms or aggregation regions centered on Cr atoms with neighboring Ni atoms. Additionally, the presence of a small amount of aluminum (Al) promotes the formation of SRO structures. During the K-state formation process, the arrangement of atoms in the solid solution evolves from disorder to segregation and ultimately to order. This study elucidates the diffusion formation mechanism in the K-state of nichrome at the atomic level and provides new insights for investigating the precipitation mechanism of SRO structures in solid solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 108709"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143473606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of substituting Mo for W and temperature on γ/γ′ lattice misfits of second generation Ni based single crystal superalloys","authors":"Cheng Ai ,&nbsp;Kaiwen Li ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Xu ,&nbsp;Yi Ru ,&nbsp;Heng Zhang ,&nbsp;Shusuo Li ,&nbsp;Shengkai Gong ,&nbsp;Hanwei Jiang ,&nbsp;Min Guo ,&nbsp;Taiwen Huang ,&nbsp;Lin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this investigation, effects of substituting Mo for W and temperature on lattice constants of γ and γ′ phases and γ/γ′ misfits of second generation Ni based single crystal superalloys was investigated. The lattice constants of γ and γ′ phases in heat-treated W-rich and Mo-rich single crystal superalloys were measured by in-situ high temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) at temperature ranged from room temperature to 1150 °C. Meanwhile, both thermodynamic calculation and Vegard's law (considering thermal expansion coefficient) were used to calculate lattice constants of γ and γ′ phases and γ/γ′ misfits of two experimental alloys. Both experiment and calculation results indicated that substituting Mo for W obviously increased lattice constant of γ phase, while its influence on lattice constant of γ′ phase was limited, and thus substituting Mo for W significantly decreased γ/γ′ misfit. Meanwhile, the experimental results of HT-XRD indicated that absolute value of γ/γ′ misfits of two experimental alloys at 1100 °C were higher than those of at 1150 °C, which was in good agreement with evolution rule of γ/γ′ interfacial dislocation network spacings in two experimental alloys (after creep rupture at 1100 °C and 1150 °C).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 108710"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase equilibria in the Fe-rich corner of the Fe-Nb-Zr system at 1200 °C","authors":"M.R. Tolosa ,&nbsp;G. Aurelio ,&nbsp;L. Acosta ,&nbsp;N. Nieva","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Fe-rich corner of the Fe-Nb-Zr phase diagram was studied at 1200 °C by using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and quantitative electron probe microanalysis. The Fe₂Nb(C14) hexagonal Laves phase, Fe₂₃Zr₆ and Fe(α) compounds were found. The existence of two three-phase fields (Fe₂(Zr_1-xNbx)(C14) + Fe(α) + Fe₂₃Zr₆) and (Fe₂(Zr_1-xNb_x)(C14) + Fe₂Zr(C15) + Fe₂₃Zr₆) and five two-phase fields (Fe₂(Zr_1-xNb_x)C14 + Fe(α)), (Fe(α) + Fe₂₃Zr₆), (Fe₂₃Zr₆ + Fe₂Zr(C15)), (Fe₂(Zr_1-xNb_x)(C14) + Fe₂₃Zr₆) and (Fe₂(Zr_1-xNb_x)(C14) + Fe₂Zr(C15)) are proposed in the present work. The phase diagram section at 1200 °C in the Fe-rich corner of the Fe-Nb-Zr system has been re-drawn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 108712"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Ti49Zr20Hf15Al10Nb6 high entropy shape memory alloy for biomedical applications","authors":"Zhaolin Hua ,&nbsp;Lin Guo ,&nbsp;Yun Zhang ,&nbsp;Yilong Dai ,&nbsp;Dechuang Zhang ,&nbsp;Fangsheng Mei ,&nbsp;Jianguo Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium (Ti)-rich high entropy shape memory alloys (HESMAs) exhibit excellent mechanical properties and the biocompatibility of Ti alloys. Researches on the biomedical applications of the HESMAs are urgently needed to identify metallic biomaterials superior to the traditional Ni–Ti and Ti–6Al–4V (Ti64) alloys. In this study, a Ti-rich HESMA, designated as Ti₄₉Zr₂₀Hf₁₅Al₁₀Nb₆ (in atomic percent, at. %), was synthesized using an arc melting and suction casting method. The investigation focused on its mechanical properties, superelasticity, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. The Ti-rich HESMA demonstrated superior attributes in terms of strength, elastic modulus, wear and corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility when compared to Ni–Ti and Ti64 alloys. Despite its elemental complexity, the as-cast Ti-rich HESMA achieved a homogeneous composition and maintained a sole β phase consisting of equiaxed grains with an average size of 52 μm, leading to a low elastic modulus of 83.9 GPa. Notably, the Ti-rich HESMA exhibits superelasticity at room temperature, with a maximum recoverable strain of approximately 3.8 %. Moreover, it demonstrates superior wear resistance compared to Ni–Ti and Ti64. Additionally, the Ti-rich HESMA shows high corrosion resistance in Hanks’ solution and favorable cytocompatibility relative to Ni–Ti and Ti64. Overall, the Ti-rich HESMA represents a promising avenue for the development of innovative metallic biomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 108711"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of elevated temperature and stress state on ductile fracture behaviors in titanium alloy: Experiments and modeling","authors":"Rui Feng,&nbsp;Minghe Chen,&nbsp;Lansheng Xie,&nbsp;Hongrui Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research aims to characterize the effects of elevated temperature and stress state on the yield and fracture behavior of forged TC4 alloy. The uniaxial tensile, compression, and shear experiments were performed with different geometry under wide stress triaxiality at 760–800 °C. The experimental results indicate that the strength of TC4 titanium alloy decreases monotonously and unevenly with the temperature increase. The tension-compression asymmetry changes nonlinearly with temperature and strain, and this asymmetry decreases with increasing temperature. With the increase of stress triaxiality, the dimples in the fracture morphology become larger and deeper, and the ductile fracture mechanism changes from shear fracture to dimple fracture mechanism. A modified-JC constitutive model was proposed, and the coefficient of determination are about 0.981 and 0.971 for UTS and UCS. The temperature related yield function of Cazacu-Barlat2004 was constructed to describe the non-uniform evolution characteristics related to temperature and strain, and the fracture-related variables were calibrated with the hybrid experimental and numerical method under acceptable prediction accuracy. Finally, the temperature-related variables were successfully introduced into the DF2016 fracture model, and the fracture occurrence under different temperature and stress states were predicted with small prediction error. These research results can provide a basis for the shape and performance control of titanium alloy in the hot forming process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 108708"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective laser melting of near Ti-5321 β titanium alloy: Microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation mechanism","authors":"Changfu Li ,&nbsp;Wenlong Lu ,&nbsp;Dezhi Wang ,&nbsp;Yuhang Ren ,&nbsp;Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Guang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intermet.2025.108688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the microstructure of near β Ti-5321 (Ti-5Al-3Mo-3V-2Cr-2Zr-1Nb-1Fe) alloy was optimized by varying the parameters of the selective laser melting (SLM) process. The room-temperature tensile properties of the samples were tested, and the deformation mechanism was analyzed. Fully dense sample preparation was achieved by changing the laser power and scanning speed parameters of SLM. The results of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed that as-depositedsample containe columnar β grains with &lt;001&gt;//BD texture, and the width of the grains increased with the increase of laser power. The total elongation of the Ti-5321 alloy sample reaches 17 % and the ultimate tensile strength is 1126 MPa at room temperature tensile; the presence of α″ phase and {332}&lt; 113&gt; and {112}&lt; 111&gt; deformation twins in the microstructure of the sample near the tensile fracture suggests that the sample contains multiple deformation mechanisms, i.e, dislocation slip, transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":331,"journal":{"name":"Intermetallics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 108688"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}