The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"MOLECULAR STUDY OF BIOFILM PRODUCTION BY METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS","authors":"Dlnya A. Mohamad","doi":"10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.5","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Staphylococci are a group of bacteria that cause diseases ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening bacteremia. Biofilm formation was determined by a number of methods and is available to detect the capability of staphylococci to colonize the biomedical devices. The icaA and icaD have been reported to play a significant role in biofilm formation. Objective:To achieve and detect the molecular basis of adhesion properties in respect to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Methods:Clinical samples were taken from Burn patients; identified and Methicillin susceptibility was tested. The genes icaA and icaD were amplified in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced and aligned with the previous recorded sequences online. Results:There was a great correlation between the presence of icaD genes and the slime production. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus did not reveal any correlation between icaA and icaD and slime layer production; nonetheless, a correlation was noticed between icaD alone and a biofilm production Conclusion:The present findings indicated that methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was able to form biofilm. None of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates harboured icaA; while 100% of them contained icaD. Keywords:Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, icaA, icaD gene Citation:Mohamad DA. Molecular study of biofilm production by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 191-200. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.5","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42689125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASYMMETRIC DIMETHYL ARGININE AND UROMODULININ THE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE","authors":"Noor Ali","doi":"10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Asymmetric dimethyl arginine, symmetric dimethyl arginine and uromodulin used as early biomarkers of diagnosis renal diseases. The early stages side effects of inveterate kidney malady are ordinarily not clear. Noteworthy decrease of the kidney work is the primary self-evident sign of infection. On the off chance that analyzed early stages 1 to 3, the movement of unremitting kidney infection can be changed and complications diminished. In stages 4 and 5 broad kidney harm is watched, which as a rule comes about in end-stage renal disappointment. Keywords:Symmetric Dimethyl arginine, uromodulin and kidney Citation:Ali NM. Asymmetric dimethyl arginine and uromodulin in the chronic kidney disease. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 166-167. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.1","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45531009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECT OF TOPICAL FLAVONOID FRACTION FROM ARTEMISIA ANNUA IN COMPARISON WITH TACROLIMUS ON INDUCED ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN MICE","authors":"M. F. Hameed, Ahmed R. Abu-raghif, Enas J Kadhim","doi":"10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammation of skin disease that is characterized by recurrent acute pruritus and dry skin. Mostly, atopic dermatitis is predominant in young children. The problems of increasing prevalence and high impact of disease on quality of patients and family's life, necessities identifying many atopic dermatitis prevention planes. Objective:To determine the effect of Artemisia annua flavonoids fraction in comparison with tacrolimus in atopic dermatitis like mice model. Methods:This study is a prospective, randomized, placebo and controlled animal designed. Thirty-two male Albino mice that six weeks age included in this study. The mice were randomly divided into four groups. Group I without treatment (Healthy). Group II only inducer, phthalic anhydride used. Groups II, III, and IV subjected to phthalic anhydride solution, which was applied on the dorsum of the back skin at 9 A.M. three times a week for four weeks. After three hours of phthalic anhydride application, treatment is used for group III (Tacrolimus 0.03% ointment), and group IV (flavonoids fraction 1.2 mg /kg ointment) topically once daily at 12 P.M. for three times a week for four weeks). Serum IgE and immunohistochemistry of skin tissue IL-4 score, and IL-13 score were measured. Results:High significant decrease in immunohistochemistry of skin tissue IL-4, and IL-13 in flavonoid fraction group were found. Conclusion:The flavonoid fraction has an effect on the skin immunohistochemistry parameters and probably on atopic dermatitis like mice model. Keywords:Atopic dermatitis, Artemisia annua, flavonoids Citation:Hameed MF, Abu-Raghif AR, Kadhim EJ. Effect of topical flavonoid fraction from Artemisia annua in comparison with tacrolimus on induced atopic dermatitis in mice. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 231-237. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.10","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43495389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFICACY OF LAPAROSCOPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF UNILATERAL NONPALPABLE TESTIS","authors":"Ahmad Zain, N. Mohammed, Sarah Z. Fadil, Bashar A. Abdulhassan","doi":"10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Undescended testis is one of the most common malformations seen in the field of pediatric surgery. The most problematic aspect of undescended testis is the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable testis. Laparoscopy has been widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable testis. Objective:To evaluate the role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of unilateral nonpalpable undescended testis. Methods:This is a prospective study carried out in the period from December 2012 to December 2017 in the Pediatric Surgery Department of a tertiary hospital in Baghdad. We used laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of 40 patients aged between one and 12 years (median age 4.9 years) with unilateral nonpalpable undescended testis. Boys with a palpable testis at any point were excluded from the study. Surgical procedure was individualized according to the laparoscopic findings either by one stage laparoscopic orchiopexy, two stage Fowler-Stephens procedure or laparoscopic orchiectomy. Results:Laparoscopy was able to diagnose the site of the nonpalpable testes in all the patients. Out of 40 nonpalpable undescended testes, 26 testes (65%) were intra-abdominal (12 testes were low intra-abdominal, 14 testes were high intra-abdominal). In 9 patients, (22.5 %), the vas deferens and spermatic vessels were found entering the internal inguinal ring. In 3 patients, (7.5 %), the testes were vanishing, and the testes were absent in 2 patients (5%). All patients with low intra-abdominal testes (n=12) were subjected to one stage laparoscopic orchiopexy through the normal inguinal ring. Out of 14 patients with high intra-abdominal testes, 7 patients underwent two staged Fowler-Stephens laparoscopic procedures, while three patients were treated by laparoscopic Prentiss maneuver and the remaining 4 patients underwent immediate laparoscopic orchiectomy due to presence of an atrophied testis. Patients with the vas deferens and spermatic vessels entering the internal inguinal ring (n=9) were treated by orchiopexy via conventional inguinal approach. Conclusion:Laparoscopy for unilateral nonpalpable testis has an excellent diagnostic yield combined with high success rate following repair. Keywords:Laparoscopy, nonpalpable undescended testis, Fowler-Stephens procedure Citation:Zain AZ, Mohammed NH, Fadil SZ, Abdul-Hassan BA. Efficacy of laparoscopy in the management of unilateral nonpalpable testis. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 223-230. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.9","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46943361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PLACENTAL ALPHA-MICROGLOBULIN 1 AS A MARKER OF PRETERM PRELABOUR RUPTURE OF MEMBRANE","authors":"Suhad Seger, H. Al-Moayed, Enas Abdulrasul, Sahar Mushatat","doi":"10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Normal pregnancy requires that the physical integrity of the fetal membranes be maintained until term delivery. Objective:To detect preterm prelabour rupture of membrane in pregnant women with history of watery vaginal discharge by measurement of placental alpha microglobulin 1 in cervicovaginal fluid. Methods:A case-control study done at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Al-Imamein Al-Kadhimein Medical City, included 100 pregnant women attending the Outpatient Clinic with a gestational age ranging between 28-36 weeks +6 days, 50 cases with rupture of membrane (study group) and 50 cases without any complaint (control group). All women underwent sterile speculum vaginal examination then nitrazine paper used, finally placental alpha microglobulin1 level was measured by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit in vaginal washing fluid. Results:A highly significant association was found between mean of placental alpha microglobulin 1 in vaginal fluid of women with premature rupture of membrane compared to the control. The validity results of placental alpha microglobulin 1 findings regarding premature rupture of membrane include: sensitivity (100%), specificity (98.0%), +ve predictive value (98.1%), -ve predictive value (100%) and accuracy (99.0%), while for nitrazine; the sensitivity (94.0%), specificity (90.0%), +ve predictive value (90.4%), -ve predictive value (93.7%) and accuracy (92%) and for vaginal fluid sensitivity (80.0%), specificity (72.0%), +ve predictive value (74.1%), -ve predictive value (78.3%) and accuracy (76.0%). Conclusion:The placental alpha microglobulin-1 immunoassay in vaginal fluid wash found to be accurate and noninvasive test, in identifying preterm prelabour rupture of the membrane. Keywords:Placental alpha-microglobulin1, preterm prelabour rupture of membrane, prelabour rupture of membrane Citation:Seger SH, Al-Moayed HA, Abdulrasul EA, Mushatat SH. Placental alpha-microglobulin 1 as a marker of preterm prelabour rupture of membrane. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 183-190. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.4","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49044461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREVALENCE OF PREDIABETES AMONG ADULTS IN BAGHDAD/IRAQ","authors":"Methaq H. Alogaily, Atheer J. Alsaffar, Moayed B. Hamid","doi":"10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background:In prediabetes, neither individuals having diabetic range nor normal glycemic parameters in terms of fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or glycated hemoglobin. Two-thirds of those with prediabetes will ends eventually with type 2 diabetes. Early detection with the proper intervention will halt or reverse this progression. Data about prediabetes prevalence in Iraq are scarce. Objective:To estimate the prevalence of prediabetes among adults in Baghdad/Iraq and to identify socio-demographic and associated risk factors among the studied population and to evaluate glycated hemoglobin in the detection of prediabetes. Methods:This cross-sectional study enrolled adults (20-79 years) attending primary health care centers in Baghdad/Iraq for one year, those with known diabetes or on anti-diabetic drugs, pregnant women and those with other medical conditions that interfere with glycated hemoglobin level were excluded from the study. Data collected through direct interview. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis after overnight fast were done to measure fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin and lipid profile. Results:Prediabetes prevalence was 20.6%. Prevalence was higher in older people (40-60 years) and individuals with overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia, the agreement between fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin was very good. Conclusion:Prevalence of prediabetes in Iraq is higher than estimated and share the same risk factors to those with type 2 diabetes. Glycated hemoglobin compared to fasting plasma glucose, is a reliable test to screen for prediabetes in Iraq. Keywords:Prediabetes; intermediate hyperglycemia; glycated hemoglobin; Iraq Citation:Alogaily MH, Alsaffar AJ, Hamid MB. Prevalence of prediabetes among adults in Baghdad/Iraq. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 215-222. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.8","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43996425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DETECTION OF ETV6/RUNX1 FUSION GENE USING FISH TECHNIQUE DETECTION IN PEDIATRIC ALL PATIENTS","authors":"Y. Mahdi, Bassam M. Hameed, Fahim Mahmood, Khalid Qassim, H. Al-Mamoori","doi":"10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background:One of the commonest genetic subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is t (12;21) (ETV6/RUNX1) being associated with favorable prognosis and distinctive clinical and pathological features. There are few studies about this abnormality in Iraq. Objective:To detect the expression ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene in B-ALL pediatric patients by using FISH technique. Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2018 to September 2018. Forty-eight newly diagnosed children with B-ALL were enrolled in this study. Fresh peripheral heparinized blood sample (3 ml) were taken from the patient at admission before chemotherapy, and ETV6-RUNX1 probe was applied and reading done by florescent microscope. Results:The mean age of study group was (4.01±0.19) years, their median age was 4.1 years, ranging between (2-7.2) years at diagnosis, ETV6/RUNX1 chimeric transcript product was found in 19 of 48 (39.6%) pediatric B- ALL patients. Conclusion:The frequency of investigated translocation [t(12;21)/ETV6/RUNX1 in a sample of Iraqi pediatric B-ALL patients, was among the higher reported frequencies worldwide, and that ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene is independent prognostic factor not related to other hematological and clinical parameters. Keywords:ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene, pediatric ALL, FISH Citation:Mahdi YM, Hameed BM, Mahmood FM, Qassim KW, Al-Mamoori HS. Detection of ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene using FISH technique detection in pediatric all patients. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 201-206. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.6","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44402618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Seminal Vesicle Abscess: A Diagnostic Dilemma— A Review of Current Literature","authors":"Fahim LH Rajiwate, Deepak Bolbandi","doi":"10.5005/jp-journals-10045-00126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10045-00126","url":null,"abstract":"Seminal vesicles (SV) are accessory sex organs of male genitourinary (GU) tract, which play a crucial role in male fertility. Primary seminal vesicle abscess (SVA) is a rare pathologic entity with no specific symptoms with very few reported cases in literature, posing a great diagnostic difficulty to the clinicians. Common pathologies of seminal vesicle include cyst, congenital abnormalities and seminal vesicle infection, and abscess, secondary to obstruction and infection of the neighboring organs have been frequently addressed. Cross-sectional imaging advancement has expanded not only our knowledge of GU tract abnormalities but also our treatment approaches. Seminal vesicle abscess is a rare pathological condition and diagnosis is based on clinical and radiological findings. Conservative treatment could be effective in selected cases. In cases refractory to conservative management, surgical decompression can be an option. Transrectal ultrasonography-guided mini-invasive drainage modalities can be proposed successfully.","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83043282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Distribution of Allergens and its Seasonal Variation in Allergic Rhinitis","authors":"K. Jyothirmayi","doi":"10.5005/jp-journals-10045-00129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10045-00129","url":null,"abstract":"Ab s t r Ac t Introduction: Allergic diseases are common and they have increased in frequency over the last few decades. More than 30% of the population suffers from allergic rhinitis (AR). It is defined as a combination of two or more symptoms, namely, watery rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, itching, and sneezing. Allergic rhinitis occurs when these symptoms are the result of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation following exposure to allergens. The common inhalant allergens causing AR are house dust mites, pollens, fungi, and insects. Skin prick test (SPT) is the gold standard test in the diagnosis of AR. Aim: To study the distribution of inhalant allergens in AR and to find out seasonal variations in allergens by SPT. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was done in 120 patients who came with symptoms of AR to ear, nose, and throat (ENT) outpatient department (OPD) of tertiary care hospital. The study was done from November 2017 to October 2018. The patient was clinically evaluated and the SPT was performed to analyze the distribution of inhalant allergens and its seasonal variations. Results: The majority of the patients are males between 21 and 30 years of age. Majority of the people are urban residents. Dust mites followed by pollens yielded the highest number of positive responses among inhalant allergens. Dust mites and dusts are more common during winter season, pollens are more common during summer season, and fungi and insects (5.83%) during rainy season. Conclusion: Analyzing the distribution of specific allergens for a particular geographical area and its seasonal variation helps in appropriate diagnostic evaluation of allergens, educating the patient on what allergen to avoid and also to find the best formulation of allergen immunotherapy for effective AR treatment.","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81002921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on Menstrual Problems among High School Girls Studying in Rural Field Practice Area of a Tertiary Care Hospital","authors":"H. Sahajananda, R. Anuradha","doi":"10.5005/jp-journals-10045-00127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10045-00127","url":null,"abstract":"Menstruation is an important event in life of adolescent girls and is often associated with menstrual problems such as irregular menstruation, excessive bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and many more. Present study was conducted to find menstrual problems among high school girls. The objectives were to enumerate menstrual problems among high school girls and to assess the awareness and practices on menstruation hygiene in them. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the rural field practice area of RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, after taking institutional ethical clearance. That area has two high schools which had 120 girls in total. Permission was taken from the school authority to conduct the study and the complete enumeration of the schools was done. Menstrual problems, awareness, and practices on menstrual hygiene were assessed by semistructured questionnaire. Health education regarding menstrual health was given to them after data collection. The data collected were compiled and entered into a Microsoft Excel worksheet. Descriptive statistics and suitable tests of significance were used as required. The data were then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS ) software v.21.0. Results: Nearly 112 high school girls participated in the study. Most of them mentioned that dysmenorrhea was the major menstrual problem (48%). The practices of menstrual hygiene among high school girls were found to be satisfactory (99%). Conclusion: In conclusion, dysmenorrhea was the most common menstrual problem among high school girls. Majority of them lack awareness that sanitary pads are to be disposed in dustbins.","PeriodicalId":33135,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85261335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}