UHD Journal of Science and Technology最新文献

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Relation between Thyroid Function Tests and Body Mass Index among Thyroid Dysfunction Patients 甲状腺功能障碍患者的甲状腺功能测试与体重指数之间的关系
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n2y2024.pp1-6
Sanaa Othman Karim, K. M. Gharib, Maisam Hama Murad Majeed, Hadeel Abdulelah Ibrahim, B. O. Sharif, Diman F. Salih, Balen F. Hamasaeed
{"title":"Relation between Thyroid Function Tests and Body Mass Index among Thyroid Dysfunction Patients","authors":"Sanaa Othman Karim, K. M. Gharib, Maisam Hama Murad Majeed, Hadeel Abdulelah Ibrahim, B. O. Sharif, Diman F. Salih, Balen F. Hamasaeed","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n2y2024.pp1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n2y2024.pp1-6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Obesity has the potential to impact thyroid function through various pathways, even in individuals considered euthyroid. The relationship between thyroid function and body mass index (BMI) remains a subject of ongoing debate. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to ascertain the correlation existing among thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones, and BMI in patients experiencing thyroid dysfunction within the context of the Smart Health Tower. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Smart Health Tower in Sulaimani city from November 9, 2021, to March 1, 2022. One hundred and sixty-six patients with thyroid dysfunction (128 individuals had hypothyroidism, eight individuals had hyperthyroidism, and 30 individuals were the other type of thyroid dysfunction) were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 43.62 ± 11.17 and 50.6% of the participation were male. Patients were divided into four groups based on BMI value: Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal (BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Results: The highest rate of age group was between (30 and 40) years old (84%) of them were male. The participants with higher BMI had higher TSH and this trend continued from underweight to Obese. The mean TSH of the underweight group was 0.47 ± 0.61 mIU/L, the normal weight group 1.5 ± 1.91 mIU/L, the overweight group 2.8± 3.87 mIU/L and the obese group 2.7 ± 2.37 mIU/L. Conclusion: A significant relationship between serum TSH and BMI and mean TSH increased as BMI increased. Further large-scale data from the population are required to confirm these findings.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141694082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Black Hole Attack Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm 使用混合优化算法检测无线传感器网络中的黑洞攻击
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp142-150
D. Rashid, Marwan B. Mohammed
{"title":"Black Hole Attack Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm","authors":"D. Rashid, Marwan B. Mohammed","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp142-150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp142-150","url":null,"abstract":"One of the types of denial of service attacks that target wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are black hole (BH) attacks, which are widely targeted at this form of network today. In this attack, data are blocked in the network, malware is installed on a group of nodes in the network, and ultimately, the data packet is blocked before reaching its destination. In other words, data cannot be transmitted in the vicinity of BH nodes. Because of the nature of WSNs that are readily available, these networks cannot be optimized without compromising energy consumption, and this problem becomes a non-deterministic polynomial-time hard problem. Despite some models that have been presented to resolve this issue, most of them have not had sufficient performance in dealing with BH attacks. Thus, we have presented a new and powerful model based on the hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm depending on the sine and cosine algorithm (SCA) and the whale optimization algorithm (WOA). This algorithm has been combined in such a way that the increase in computational load has been prevented, in addition, two algorithms are included in one algorithm in this case, using the positive features of these two algorithms, it escapes from the local optimal trap in the solution of the algorithm and also benefits from a very good convergence. Because the new production solutions have a good diversity and the intensification component also has a good performance the main goal of this article is to present a new type of robust optimization algorithm for BH detection in WSN. This model has been tested and evaluated using a network and compared with three other meta-heuristic algorithms to make a fair comparison. The results obtained from the proposed model indicate a high-quality performance of this model in detecting BH attacks. The proposed model can detect more than 85% of the BH nodes and the total warning rate in the proposed model is equal to 0.866.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Hybrid Artificial Bee Colony and Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithms for Software Cost Estimation 用于软件成本估算的人工蜂群和人工鱼群混合算法
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp129-141
H. Sharif, M. Ghareb, Hoshmen Murad Mohamedyusf
{"title":"A Hybrid Artificial Bee Colony and Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithms for Software Cost Estimation","authors":"H. Sharif, M. Ghareb, Hoshmen Murad Mohamedyusf","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp129-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp129-141","url":null,"abstract":"Software cost estimation (SCE), estimating the cost and time required for software development, plays a highly significant role in managing software projects. A somewhat accurate SCE is necessary for a software project to be successful. It allows effective control of construction time and cost. In the past few decades, various models have been presented to evaluate software projects, including mathematical models and machine learning algorithms. In this paper, a new model based on the hybrid of the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) and the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is presented for SCE. The initial population of AFSA, which includes the values of the effort factors, is generated using the ABC algorithm. ABC algorithm is used to solve the problems of the AFSA algorithm such as population diversity and getting stuck in a local optimum. ABC algorithm achieves the best solutions using observer and scout bees. The evaluation of the combined method has been implemented on eight different data sets and evaluated based on eight different criteria such as mean magnitude of relative error and PRED (0.25). The proposed method is more error-free than current SCE methods, according to the results. The error value of the proposed method is lower on NASA60, NASA63, and NASA93 datasets.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141001983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Efficient Breast Cancer Dataset Analysis Based on Adaptive Classifiers 基于自适应分类器的高效乳腺癌数据集分析
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp122-128
M. Al-Ani, Thikra Ali Kareem, Salwa Mohammed Nejres
{"title":"Efficient Breast Cancer Dataset Analysis Based on Adaptive Classifiers","authors":"M. Al-Ani, Thikra Ali Kareem, Salwa Mohammed Nejres","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp122-128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp122-128","url":null,"abstract":"Many algorithms have been used to diagnose diseases, with some demonstrating good performance while others have not met expectations. Making correct decisions with the minimal possible errors is of the highest priority when diagnosing diseases. Breast cancer, being a prevalent and widespread disease, emphasizes the importance of early detection. Accurate decision-making regarding breast cancer is crucial for early treatment and achieving favorable outcomes. The percentage split evaluation approach was employed, comparing performance metrics such as precision, recall, and f1-score. Kernel Naïve Bayes achieved 100% precision in the percentage split method for breast cancer, while the Coarse Gaussian support vector machines achieved 97.2% precision in classifying breast cancer in 4-fold cross-validation.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140653509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessment of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety among Menopause Women in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan: Cross-sectional Study 库尔德斯坦苏莱曼尼市更年期妇女抑郁和焦虑症状评估:横断面研究
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp115-121
A. Abdulkarim, M. Saeed, Akam Mustafa Hassan
{"title":"Assessment of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety among Menopause Women in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan: Cross-sectional Study","authors":"A. Abdulkarim, M. Saeed, Akam Mustafa Hassan","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp115-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp115-121","url":null,"abstract":"Menopause represents a pivotal developmental juncture in a woman’s life, characterized by a spectrum of physiological alterations and the potential emergence of depressive symptomatology. The manifestation of anxiety and depression during the menopausal phase is intricate and influenced by a confluence of biological, social, and psychological determinants. This study aims to assess depression and anxiety among menopausal women while elucidating their associations with various sociodemographic attributes. A cross-sectional study was executed at the Ali Kamal Consultation Center, encompassing 126 menopausal women. Data compilation utilized a structured questionnaire encompassing sections on sociodemographic particulars, menopausal symptoms, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Statistical analysis employing SPSS version 25 encompassed frequency and percentage along with Chi-square tests. A substantial proportion of women (72.5%) reported prevalent anxiety, with a noteworthy 74.2% exhibiting discernible signs of depression. Sociodemographic determinants, including age and age at marriage, body mass index, and marital status, exhibited robust associations with anxiety and depression. The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in menopausal women underscores the imperative for targeted interventions. Sociodemographic variables emerged as pivotal determinants influencing the likelihood of developing these psychological symptoms. Notably, occupation and place of residence exhibited no statistically significant correlations.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"123 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140679190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Training Needs of Farmers in the Field of Fig Fruit Breeding in Rania District: Sulaymaniyah Governorate and Relationship with Some Variables 苏莱曼尼亚省拉尼亚地区无花果育种领域农民的培训需求及其与一些变量的关系苏莱曼尼亚省无花果育种领域的农民培训需求及其与一些变量的关系
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp108-114
Ahmed Sajid Hameed
{"title":"Training Needs of Farmers in the Field of Fig Fruit Breeding in Rania District: Sulaymaniyah Governorate and Relationship with Some Variables","authors":"Ahmed Sajid Hameed","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp108-114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp108-114","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to identify the training needs of the farmers in the field of fig fruit breeding and to determine the relationship between training needs and some variables. The study area included Rania District in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The research population involved 5205 farmers. The research sample was 104 respondents who were taken using a simple random sampling method, representing 2% of the study population. The research included 20 villages that were included in the research. Data were collected through the questionnaire and personal interviews. The results showed that more than 74% of fig farmers were between (medium and high levels) in need of training in their field of work, and the average training need reached 53.25°. The results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the training need and the economic level and the number of years working in the field of fig breeding. The study also showed that there is no significant relationship between the training need and (the area used for raising figs). The study recommended that the responsible authorities increase extension services and activities (such as seminars, training courses, and extension magazines) to increase farmers’ skills and thus increase production.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"137 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140725303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Using the Cuckoo Optimization to Initialize the Harmony Memory in Harmony Search Algorithm to Find New Hybrid (CSHS) Algorithm 在和谐搜索算法中使用布谷鸟优化来初始化和谐记忆,从而找到新的混合(CSHS)算法
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-04-07 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp99-107
F. Hameed, Kanar Tariq, Harith Hasan, R. Johni
{"title":"Using the Cuckoo Optimization to Initialize the Harmony Memory in Harmony Search Algorithm to Find New Hybrid (CSHS) Algorithm","authors":"F. Hameed, Kanar Tariq, Harith Hasan, R. Johni","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp99-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp99-107","url":null,"abstract":"The current paper seeks to present a hybrid harmony search algorithm, using CS and HS. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of using a method to initialize the harmony memory (HM) with the help of the cuckoo search optimization algorithm. The HS algorithm is inspired by the method used by musicians to create and enhance harmony in music. It follows 3 main principles of pitch adjustment (PA), HM consideration (HMC), and random selection (RS). The performance of HS can be affected by its poor accuracy in optimization and speed of convergence, 2 main issues with it. However, to improve the HS algorithm, Cuckoo search can be used as it can do a local search using one parameter only, other than the size of the population, making it work more efficiently. This current method has been tested for its validity and efficiency in performance by being implemented on many international standard optimization problems. The results confirm the fact that the performance of the currently proposed algorithm is better and more efficient in finding solutions compared to HS and other algorithms.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"11 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140732727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Reality of Extension Works in the Directorate of Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Research In Kurdistan Region of Iraq 伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区农业推广和农业研究局推广工作的现实情况
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp93-98
Ahmed Sajid Hameed
{"title":"The Reality of Extension Works in the Directorate of Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Research In Kurdistan Region of Iraq","authors":"Ahmed Sajid Hameed","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp93-98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp93-98","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to identify the reality of extension works in the Directorate of Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Researches in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and the study area included all governorates of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (Germian, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk). The research community included all workers in agricultural extension, agricultural research, and agricultural directorates in all governorates, there were 215 respondents. The sample of the respondents includes (71) representing 33% of the population, taken by a simple random sampling method. The data were collected through personal interviews; questionnaire was prepared for this purpose. To confirm the validity, the questionnaire was reviewed by some experts. In general, the reality of extension work was described by the respondents (extension workers and agricultural engineers working in the Agricultural Research and Extension Directorate) as weak. Conducting training courses for agricultural extension workers regarding methods and methods of communication to work with farmers, emphasizing the importance and necessity of linking and coordinating between agricultural extension and education (universities) to graduate a qualified agricultural guide. Cooperation with other research agencies that work on producing and generating agricultural scientific information and practices approved by the Ministry of Agriculture.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140742234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhancing COVID-19 Detection Accuracy: Optimal Gene Combinations, Kit Performance, and Reliable Detection Intervals 提高 COVID-19 检测的准确性:最佳基因组合、试剂盒性能和可靠的检测时间间隔
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp84-92
Dara A. Tahir, Sehand Arif
{"title":"Enhancing COVID-19 Detection Accuracy: Optimal Gene Combinations, Kit Performance, and Reliable Detection Intervals","authors":"Dara A. Tahir, Sehand Arif","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp84-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp84-92","url":null,"abstract":"A significant challenge and threat to public health have been created by the COVID-19 pandemic for the entire global population. The study aimed to compare the SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection capabilities of available primers and probes to identify the most reliable, efficient, and affordable method. From 200 previously detected samples of SARS CoV-2, 94 samples were selected randomly and used for the optimization of our primers and probes. We compared our results with two kits that have been approved by the health authority. In addition, we evaluated the detectability of each gene. The study compared the diagnostic performance of different gene combinations for COVID-19 detection using kits A and B and a novel approach combining RdRp, N, and E genes. Results showed that the combined approach exhibited superior discriminatory power, particularly with the inclusion of the E gene, boasting area under the curve (AUC) values of 83.3%, 79.1%, and 93.7% for the respective genes. Kit B, with Orf1ab and N genes, outperformed Kit A (RdRp and S genes), with AUC values of 81.2% and 90.6% versus 80.2% and 75%, respectively. The chart representation highlighted gene detection frequencies across various cycle threshold (Ct) ranges, demonstrating robust identification within the 20.1–30 Ct range across all kits and genes, emphasizing the reliability of detection within specific intervals. Combining RdRp, N, and E genes showed the highest accuracy for COVID-19 diagnosis, particularly with the E gene. Detection was most reliable within the 20.1–30 Ct range across all gene combinations and kits.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"3 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140252481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Performance Evaluation using Spanning Tree Protocol, Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol, Per-VLAN Spanning Tree, and Multiple Spanning Tree 使用生成树协议、快速生成树协议、每 VLAN 生成树和多生成树进行性能评估
UHD Journal of Science and Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-20 DOI: 10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp20-30
Dana Faiq Abd, Rawyer Asaad Rashid, Danyar Awat Othman, Hero Muhammed Abdulqader
{"title":"Performance Evaluation using Spanning Tree Protocol, Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol, Per-VLAN Spanning Tree, and Multiple Spanning Tree","authors":"Dana Faiq Abd, Rawyer Asaad Rashid, Danyar Awat Othman, Hero Muhammed Abdulqader","doi":"10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp20-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp20-30","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the concepts and practical applications of the spanning tree protocol (STP). It also covers per-VLAN spanning tree (PVST), multiple spanning tree (MST), and rapid STP (RSTP). Moreover, practical scenarios are presented to help the reader understand the concepts and implementations of these protocols. This study analyzes protocols using seven metrics. All protocols have been evaluated using these metrics in both small and big topology scenarios to obtain the best results. In addition, all metrics are mentioned in the introduction chapter, and the way used to apply tests on the metrics is described in the methodology chapter. Based on the experiments, different STPs performance are compared, including STP, RSTP, PVST, and MST. In summary, findings show that STP is easy to use and performs well overall, but it consistently has high latency issues. RSTP is suitable for small networks and has quick convergence, but it cannot handle as much load as STP. PVST performed the best in the experiments, as it demonstrated high scalability and the ability to handle a lot of pressure, although it requires strong hardware. However, MST did not perform as well as expected, as it struggled with delay problems and high jitter. In conclusion, it is recommended to use RSTP for simple networks that require fast convergence with dependable delay and capacity, or STP for networks that require good scaling and bandwidth. PVST is an excellent option for those who can afford high-performance hardware, while MST is suitable for simple networks or those with outdated hardware.","PeriodicalId":32983,"journal":{"name":"UHD Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"77 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139611346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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