Huina Xu , Xiaodong Zhou , Ning Zhen , Xuelong Yin , Ting Liu , Yakun Tang , Jingmei Liu , Lang Liu , Fengyun Ma
{"title":"Comparative analysis of covalent bond cleavage and free radical behavior during the heating process in direct coal liquefaction of Naomaohu and Shangwan coals","authors":"Huina Xu , Xiaodong Zhou , Ning Zhen , Xuelong Yin , Ting Liu , Yakun Tang , Jingmei Liu , Lang Liu , Fengyun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cleavage of covalent bonds and the generation of radicals play a crucial role in product distribution during direct coal liquefaction (DCL). This paper systematically investigates the mechanisms of covalent bond cleavage and the behavior of free radical generation for Naomaohu (NMHC) and Shangwan (SWC) coals during the DCL process. The concentrations of eight typical covalent bonds in raw coal and in the solid products Asphaltene (ASP) and Residue (Re) were quantified using <sup>13</sup>C NMR, while information on free radicals was obtained through GC–MS and GC analyses. The results indicate that NMHC contains a higher concentration of easily cleavable covalent bonds, such as C<sub>al</sub>-O and C<sub>al</sub>-C<sub>al</sub>, endowing it with superior reactivity compared to SWC. During the heating process, the breaking rate of C<sub>al</sub>-C<sub>al</sub> bonds in the ASP<sub>NMHC</sub> and Re<sub>NMHC</sub> being 3.0 times higher than those in SWC. Additionally, the proportion of aromatic radicals in Oil<sub>NMHC</sub> is 19.1 % lower than that in Oil<sub>SWC</sub>. This study systematically investigates the differences in reactive behavior between NMHC and SWC, emphasizing the core chemical reactions involved in DCL. It provides a theoretical foundation for developing an efficient direct liquefaction process for NMHC, oil-rich coal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108255"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dziubak Tadeusz , Karczewski Mirosław , Grzegorz Chmaj
{"title":"Experimental evaluation of the influence of blends of aviation fuel with RME on the performance of an engine with a common-rail power system","authors":"Dziubak Tadeusz , Karczewski Mirosław , Grzegorz Chmaj","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents original experimental research aimed at determining the effect of blends of aviation fuel with plant-based fuels on the useful parameters and exhaust gas composition of a compression-ignition engine with a common-rail (CR) tray power system. Original results were obtained for the parameters of an engine fueled with six fuels differing in chemical composition: the base fuel (F-54 diesel), F-34 aviation fuel, and four blends formed from F-34 fuel and RME (Rape Methyl Ester - rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl esters) with different weight percentages in the blend. Studies of blends of jet fuel with biocomponents in a wide range of shares in military fuel applications are not found in the available literature. The performance of the tested engine changed significantly. A decrease in useful power of about 3 % was obtained when the engine was powered by aviation fuel, compared to an engine powered by diesel fuel. For mixtures of aviation fuel F-34 with RME, the decrease is 5–10 %, depending on the content of RME in the mixture. Specific fuel consumption is higher for blends with methyl esters, and the increase is proportional to the RME content in the blend, ranging from 6 to 12 % depending on the proportion of RME, resulting in increased fuel demand. Supplying the engine with mixtures of F-34 fuel with RME resulted in an increase in average CO<sub>2</sub>, CO and HC emissions in the range of 12–18 %. The addition of RME to F-34 fuel resulted in an almost 3-fold reduction in smoke opacity compared to powering an F-54 engine, a phenomenon that is very beneficial from an environmental perspective. It is possible to use mixtures of F-34 jet fuel with RME to power modern internal combustion engines with common-rail power systems, which expand the fuel range during armed conflicts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 108254"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ningxin Zhao , Sze Shin Low , Chung Lim Law , Tao Wu , Cheng Heng Pang
{"title":"Co-pyrolysis of polymers: Recent advances, challenges and perspectives","authors":"Ningxin Zhao , Sze Shin Low , Chung Lim Law , Tao Wu , Cheng Heng Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent decades, the use of polymers, including plastics and tires, has dramatically increased. Large quantities of plastic and tire waste are generated and enter the environment, causing long-lasting ecological problems for mankind because they are extremely difficult to degrade naturally. It is imperative to find a solution to handle and recycle waste plastics and tires. <em>Co</em>-pyrolysis of polymers with biomass, coal and other materials is a promising method for recovering polymers and producing fuels and other value-added materials. This review focuses on various types of polymer co-pyrolysis, such as plastic-biomass, plastic-coal, tire-biomass, tire-coal, and plastic-tire co-pyrolysis. The study pays attention to the kinetics calculation and synergistic effects of co-pyrolysis. Furthermore, the influence of factors such as temperature, reactants, and catalysts on the co-pyrolysis process is discussed. The study also delves into the solid, liquid, and gaseous products of co-pyrolysis and explores potential applications. Additionally, the application of machine learning in co-pyrolysis research is highlighted. The goal is to provide viable pathways for the efficient recycling of polymers, enhance waste management, and achieve synergistic effects in energy and value-added product recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108239"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinyu Zheng , Manxia Shang , Bowen Zhang , Yunmei Li , Suilin Wang , Zhong Huang
{"title":"The co-combustion and pollutant emission characteristics of lignite and lake sediment","authors":"Xinyu Zheng , Manxia Shang , Bowen Zhang , Yunmei Li , Suilin Wang , Zhong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake sediment is a high moisture solid waste that carries a large amount of water pollutants, significantly impacting the environment and urban landscape. The efficient management of lake sediment has emerged as a critical challenge requiring immediate attention. This paper focuses on the characteristics of co-combustion and its pollutant emissions. The combustion characteristics of mixed combustion of lake sediment and coal in different proportions were obtained by the thermogravimetric method. Experiments elucidated the influence of diverse factors on the variability of NO and SO₂ concentrations. The remaining bottom residue of the reaction and the reasons for the changes in emission concentration are analysed from a microscopic perspective. Results indicate that the appropriate proportion (<20 %) of mixed lake sediment promotes coal combustion. NO and SO<sub>2</sub> decrease with increased bed temperature, lake sediment mixing ratio (5 %–15 %), and particle size. As the bed temperature increases, the particle surface melts, reducing the pore structure and reaction sites, thereby reducing the generation of pollutants. When the mixing ratio exceeds 15 %, NO increases while SO<sub>2</sub> decreases. Calcium based substances have little catalytic effect on NO, but are still effective for SO<sub>2</sub>. Larger particles will promote the decomposition of NO on their surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108240"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Yakovlieva , Rudolf Andoga , Ladislav Főző , Stepan Zubenko , Serhii Konovalov
{"title":"Development and turbine engine testing of coconut oil-based biojet fuel","authors":"Anna Yakovlieva , Rudolf Andoga , Ladislav Főző , Stepan Zubenko , Serhii Konovalov","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for sustainable aviation fuels, along with the need to decarbonize the aviation sector, has led to ongoing extensive research into renewable jet fuels. Despite notable progress, there remains a need to expand the range of feedstocks, optimize technological pathways, and scale up new fuel production. The authors propose developing novel biojet fuel in response to these challenges. The work presents complex research on the synthesis of renewable fuel components, the study of basic physical-chemical properties of new biojet fuel, and the assessment of gas turbine engine operation parameters to validate the hypothesis that this fuel can be used for jet engine propulsion with the required efficiency. Coconut oil ethyl esters (COEE) used as a renewable component were synthesized via esterification of coconut oil with ethanol and refined via vacuum distillation. The choice of the feedstock and production method allowed the production of a product with a high level of purity (97.4 %) of COEE, a light molecular weight composition (C6-C18) close to conventional jet fuel, and a low content of unsaturated fatty acids (below 5 %). The study of basic physical-chemical properties of biojet fuels containing traditional jet fuel and 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % of COEE demonstrated the rise of density by 1.01–2.53 %, viscosity by 9.79–32.26 %, freezing point by 10.34–33.51 %, and reduction of combustion heat by 1.69–5.07 %. Performance tests of a small gas turbine engine with conventional and biojet fuels demonstrated an overall stable engine start-up and operation. While no negative impact on operating parameters was found, the rise of the engine's specific fuel consumption was observed at all operation regimes: by 2.58 % 4.81 %, and 7.42 % for biojet fuel with 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % of COEE, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108252"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of gas sorption and pore structure alterations of sludge bio-seeding coals: an experimental study","authors":"Elham Rahimi, Xinxin He, Shimin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the impact of sludge-based bio-treatment on gas sorption and pore structure modification in subbituminous and lignite coals, aiming to enhance methane-rich biogas production from coal waste. We previously reported the promising results for biogas production from batch reactors using coal as the primary feedstock and sludge as the bio-seeds. In this study, methane and CO<sub>2</sub> gas sorption experiments, along with pore structure characterization, were performed to quantify the changes in gas sorption capacity induced by bio-reaction and modifications to the pore structure. The results reveal significant capacity increases post-bio-treatment, with CH₄ adsorption improving by 40 % for subbituminous coal and 42 % for lignite, and CO₂ adsorption increasing by 53 % and 24 %, respectively. The pore structure characterization confirmed enhanced pore volume and surface area, suggesting active microbial-induced modifications, primarily on macropore surfaces. These changes contribute to improved gas sorption and present promising implications for bio-enhanced coalbed methane recovery and CO₂ sequestration. This study affirmatively confirmed that bio-reaction induced microbial activities actively modified the pore structure. Future investigations will be needed to quantify the localized aqueous-gas equilibrium for optimizing sludge bio-seeding coal conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108251"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of fly ash components on the performance of recycled copper-based oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion","authors":"Logan R. Hughey, Kevin J. Whitty","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper-based, silica-supported oxygen carriers were prepared with low concentrations of metal oxide impurities representing solid-fuel ash components that would co-leach when using nitric acid to recover copper oxide from spent fluidized bed materials in a solid-fuel-fired chemical looping system. Oxygen carriers were prepared to contain approximately 30 wt% CuO on a high surface area silica support with metal oxide impurity-to-CuO ratios of 1:100. Both single- and multi-impurity materials were considered with impurities being introduced as aqueous nitrates during synthesis. Many of the prepared oxygen carriers exhibited lower oxygen transport capacity than expected due to support-CuO interactions. Multi-impurity oxygen carriers displayed the best performance, even better than material containing only CuO, and the presence of alkali salts was determined to be important for enhancing oxygen transport capacity and reaction rates. All oxygen carrier materials were highly reactive, with oxidation and reduction achieving near completion within two minutes at 950 °C. This study concludes that the presence of impurities is not detrimental to oxygen carrier performance and a simple, low-cost oxygen carrier recycle process could be viable. With such a recycle process, it would be possible to reduce the make-up cost associated with the loss of oxygen carriers due to attrition, thus improving economics of chemical looping combustion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108236"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hafiz M. Irfan , Chao-Chuan Yang , Wei Wu , Bo-Jhih Lin , Jia-Shyan Shiau
{"title":"Environmental and techno-economic analyses of oxygen blast furnace systems integrated with carbon capture and utilization strategy","authors":"Hafiz M. Irfan , Chao-Chuan Yang , Wei Wu , Bo-Jhih Lin , Jia-Shyan Shiau","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For mitigating net CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of the oxygen blast furnace (OBF) system, the top gas recycling by connecting a Monoethanolamine (MEA)-based CO<sub>2</sub> capture process as Scenario 1 (OBF + CC) and a carbon capture and utilization (CCU) process as Scenario 2 (OBF + CCU) is proposed. Scenario 2 utilizes a Triethylene glycol (TEG) physical absorption process for producing an industrial-grade 99.999 % purity liquid CO<sub>2</sub> product. Carbon tracking in Aspen Plus indicates that Scenario 2 achieves significantly lower CO<sub>2</sub> emissions with 4.1 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/tHM than Scenario 1 with 770 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/tHM. To synergize Aspen Plus® modeling and environmental impact assessment using SimaPro®, Scenario 2 has a lower impact on eutrophication potential, acidification potential, water depletion, and fossil resource depletion as compared to Scenario 1. Techno-economic analysis of Scenario 2 indicates that the liquid CO<sub>2</sub> product generates a potential profit of 973.95 USD/tHM, which fully offsets the CO<sub>2</sub> production cost of 378.33 USD/tHM in the CCU process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108238"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144137682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiahui Shi , Jiahao Liang , Yingjun Li , Xiaolu Bi , Haijun Zhang , Xueyong Guo , Shi Yan , Junwei Li , Jianxin Nie
{"title":"Enhancing the combustion and safety performance of Al@AP Core-Shell structures with boron nitride","authors":"Jiahui Shi , Jiahao Liang , Yingjun Li , Xiaolu Bi , Haijun Zhang , Xueyong Guo , Shi Yan , Junwei Li , Jianxin Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing energy release and safety performance of energetic materials has garnered significant attention in composite solid propellants. Boron nitride (BN), known for its high thermal conductivity and lubricating properties, is a promising additive. To explore its application in propellants, Al@AP core-shell structure particles were prepared using an in situ deposition method. Structural characterisation, thermal decomposition properties, combustion characteristics, and safety of BN-doped Al@AP samples were evaluated using SEM, BET, XRD, DSC-TG-FTIR, closed bomb, laser ignition, and BAM standards. The results confirmed that AP effectively coated Al to form a typical core-shell structure, and BN was successfully incorporated into the Al@AP framework. BN promoted the thermal decomposition of Al@AP; at 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% BN, the low-temperature decomposition temperature of AP decreased by 28.01 °C and 26.85 °C, while the high-temperature decomposition temperature dropped by 6.41 °C and 5.25 °C, respectively. Closed bomb and laser ignition experiments indicated that with increasing BN content, the pressure rise rate and combustion intensity initially increased and then decreased. At 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% BN, the maximum pressure reached 127.93 kPa and 155.97 kPa, with corresponding pressure rise rates of 19.12 kPa/ms and 11.80 kPa/ms. The addition of BN significantly improves the safety performance of Al@AP, considerably reducing its impact and friction sensitivities. These findings demonstrated that when the BN content was 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt%, both the combustion characteristics and safety of Al@AP were improved, achieving a practical balance and providing design guidance for the application of BN-doped Al@AP in solid propellants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108253"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144137683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soroush Sarrafan Sadeghi, Sadegh Tabejamaat, Amirreza Ghahremani, Sina Narimani Asl
{"title":"Effects of wall temperature on non-premixed micro-combustion: A comparative experimental study of copper and aluminum in Swiss-roll chambers","authors":"Soroush Sarrafan Sadeghi, Sadegh Tabejamaat, Amirreza Ghahremani, Sina Narimani Asl","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro-combustors, vital for compact power and propulsion, face significant challenges in maintaining flame stability and achieving high blow-off limits. This study experimentally investigated counterflow non-premixed methane‑oxygen combustion in an innovative Swiss-roll chamber, examining bodies crafted from copper, aluminum, and steel at varying wall temperatures. Our primary objective was to thoroughly evaluate how these distinct body materials impact flame dynamics and overall micro-combustion performance. We utilized advanced diagnostic techniques, including spectroscopy and RGB image processing, for detailed analysis. Results showed copper's inherent catalytic properties notably enhanced combustion, with radical radiation intensity increasing by up to 30 % as chamber temperature rose. Conversely, in the aluminum chamber, surface adsorption of radicals by the formed alumina layer hindered radical radiation, weakening it with rising temperature. Notably, no flame was observed in the steel chamber. These findings unequivocally demonstrate the profound influence of body material on micro-combustion performance. This research offers valuable, material-specific insights crucial for the optimal design and precise optimization of next-generation micro-combustion devices, guiding material selection for enhanced efficiency and reliability in applications like micro-thermophotovoltaic systems and micro-thrusters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 108237"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}