ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"A Review on: Lumpy Skin Disease: Enhance Awareness on the Epidemiological situation and Diagnosis; Prevention and Control Measures in Ethiopia","authors":"Z. G.","doi":"10.20431/2455-2518.0603001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2518.0603001","url":null,"abstract":"Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically significant viral disease of cattle and caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). The virus is belonging to the genus Capri poxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Recently, the disease has been rapidly spreading to the Middle East, South east Europe and parts of Russian federation. The disease causes significant economic loss due to hide damage, loss of milk production, mastitis, infertility and death. Clinically, LSD is characterized by circumscribed skin nodules, fever, and abortions in females and sterility in males. LSD damages hides and causes death due to secondary bacterial infections. LSD is principally transmitted by blood-feeding arthropod vectors. However, transmission of the disease between animals is inefficient. Diagnosis is mainly based on observation of clinical signs and identification of the agent using conventional and real-time PCR methods, electron microscopy, and isolation of the virus in cell cultures, and using conventional serological tests. In endemic countries, vaccination is the only effective method to control the disease using live attenuated vaccines derived from Kenyan sheep and goat pox virus (KSGP) strains. However, there are reports of insufficient protection of the existing vaccines. Therefore; there is a need for more extensive data from the field and for larger-scale clinical trials to ensure the efficacy and safety of the current vaccines","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121463338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Study On Rift Valley Fever in Selected States in Sudan With Reference to Spatial and Animal Patterns","authors":"M. Mansour, T. M. Abdellah, Selma Kamal, A. A. Abdelgadir","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-25177/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-25177/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background\u0000\u0000A retrospective study was performed in selected states of the Sudan that include Gezira state, White Nile, Blue Nile, Khartoum, River Nile and Sennar states in order to investigate the seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) from 2007 to 2016. The risk factors that identified for RVF were locality, species, and animal population. For example, locality and species were significantly associated with seroprevalence of RVF (P-value = 049)(P-value = 0.000) respectively, While animal population was not associated in Gezira state (P-value = .415) and χ2 value was (12.629), however it was significantly associated in other regions. The highest seroprevalence estimated for RVF was 0.7% in River Nile state, while lowest seroprevalence for RVF recorded was 0.01% in Khartoum and Sennar states, respectively.\u0000Methods\u0000\u0000The current study was carried out in selected states in Central Sudan to investigate the epidemiology of RVF. Also it was focused on livestock in particular sheep, goat and cattle. Study design was retrospective to investigate seroprevalence, risk factors and spatial and animal patterns associated with RVF from 2007 to 2016.\u0000Result\u0000\u0000Estimated seroprevalence of RVF was 0.15% (n = 905) in sheep, 0.20%( n = 776) in goats and 0.13%( n = 638) in cattle respectively. The risk factors that identified for RVF were locality, species, and animal population. For example, locality and species were significantly associated with seroprevalence of RVF (P-value = 049)(P-value = 0.000) respectively, While animal population was not associated in Gezira state (P-value = .415). Environmental risk factors i.e. annual temperature and annual rain fall were compared to RVF occurrence in study area with average mean of 29.0ºC and 398.8 mm\u0000Conclusion\u0000\u0000Rift valley fever is arthropod-born zoonosis disease. It affects livestock like sheep, goat, cattle and camel .it usually occurs following heavy rainfall and cause storm of abortion in pregnant animals. The principle vector of RVF is Mosquitoe and also it is transmitted through tissues of infected animal and human and also through of undercooked milk. In spite of there is no confirmed cases that can be transmitted from person to person by direct contact. It is characterized in human by influenza- like illness, in moderate cases can develop retinitis and eye infection and severe complication can cause hemorrhagic form with oozing of blood from natural orifices, the morbidity and mortality rate is varying from 5–100% in livestock, death rate can reach up to 10% and case fatality rate is less than one percent. The vaccination against RVF is used in case of outbreak and suspected cases in livestock; however there is no available vaccine for human usage. The current study is retrospective survey to investigate the seroprevalence, risk factor and spatial and animal patterns in selected states in Sudan. Estimated seroprevalence of RVF was 0.15% (n = 905) in sheep, 0.20%( n = 776) in goats and 0.13%( n = 638) in cattl","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124770997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of past Rift Valley fever outbreak using Modeling, Risk analysis and decision tree in Sudan","authors":"Mohamed E. Ahmed, M. Baumann, T. Selhorst, T. M. Abdellah, A. A. Abdelgadir","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-27733/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-27733/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background A retrospective study was performed in selected states of the Sudan that include Gezira state, White Nile, Blue Nile, Khartoum, River Nile and Sennar states in order to determine the seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) and associated risk factors as well as an attempt was made to apply mapping, risk analysis tool to investigate the disease .Those epidemiological tools were used for purpose of good management strategies and policy makers as well. The source of data was epidemiological reports and archives from the Federal Ministry of Animal resources, universities and Non Governmental Organizations for outbreaks of RVF also and laboratory reports of serum samples tested by ELISA. The test performance characteristics were 99% test sensitivity and 99% test specificity.A total of 3393from, sheep, goats and cattle were sampled and selected to be examined. Estimated Seroprevalence of RVF was 0.15% (n=905) in sheep, 0.20 %( n=776) in goats and 0.13 %( n=638) in cattle respectively. Also information gathered was used to determine the distribution of the disease, transmission and recovery rate of infection over point in time. Method This study was retrospective survey designed to investigate previous outbreaks of RVF. The method used was risk analysis, modeling and decision tree to explain the distribution of chronology of the disease. Result The current study was carried out quantitative risk analysis to investigate RVF. Risk analysis revealed that RVF is likely to occur in the Sudan, and vaccination was estimated with highest rollback to reduce the seroprevalence of RVF to be unlikely with expected value of $ US 4368789. A frequency of 0.12%, 0.12% and 0.1% from cattle, goats and sheep population were entered in SIR model respectively. The adjustable parameters were susceptible, infected, recovery rate and death rate; the result concluded that the curve of susceptible(S) was declining, infected (I) was increasing; while recovered(R) was increasing. A total of 2487 mosquitoes were pooled, represented by 600 mosquitoes in the final model, recovery rate of mosquito overtime was 0.22 which is statistically not significant, (P-value =0.9825), and rate of infection was 0.83 %. In the current study, the Basic reproductive number (R0) was estimated by one. Uncertainty for RVF model was ranged between 0.01 to 610.65 with confidence of 95%. This study concluded that RVF is endemic in the Sudan.Conclusion Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is arthropod-borne viral zoonosis disease. It affects small ruminants, sheep and goats, and large ruminants like cattle and camel, and also can affect human. Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) belongs to the family Bunyviridae, genus Phlebovirus. The first isolation of RVFV was done in Kenya (4). RVFV is a negative sense RNA virus. RVFV genome is structured from three partites, small, medium and large. It is peracute or acute febrile disease that is characterized by numerous abortions in female and high mortality among young","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130200716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sero-Prevalence of Bovine Brucellosis and its Associated Risk Factors in Becho District, South West Shewa, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Dinknesh Teka, Biniam Tadesse, G. Kinfe, Yifat Denberga","doi":"10.20431/2455-2518.0502005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2518.0502005","url":null,"abstract":"A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected areas of Becho district, Oromia regional state from December, 2018 to May, 2019 to estimate the sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis in the study area and identify the associated risk factors for the seropositivity. Simple random sampling method was used for sampling each herd and animal during serum collection, and risk factors accessed through interviewee of the animal owners. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from cattle of above 6 months of age and sera were initially screened with Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and those samples found positive by RBPT were further tested by Indirect Enzyme-linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (I-ELISA) for confirmation. Based on the result, 13(3.39%) were positive using RBPT and the overall sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis at animal-level estimated to be 4(1.04%) based on I-ELISA result. At herds' level, an overall sero-prevalence of 5.48% was obtained. Pearson’s Chi-square revealed that the presence of abortion history, retained fetal membrane and breed type were significantly associated with the seropositivity of bovine brucellosis (p<0.05) with Chi-square value of 38.2, 5.76 and 3.99 and P-value of 0.000, 0.016 and 0.046, respectively. The odds of having brucellosis increased by 12.4 times in cow with history of abortion compared to cow without the history, increased by 4.5 times in the animal suffered from history of retained placenta compared to cow with no history of retained placenta and 3.1 times in cross-breed than indigenous breeds. In conclusion, the study demonstrate that the prevalence of bovine brucellosis was low in Becho district. However, poor understanding of brucellosis among communities and a high level of risky practice might result in an increased transmission between animals and zoonoses in risky group personnels. Thus, awareness creation about impacts of the disease, zoonotic importance, risk factors and method of prevention were recommended.","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125801896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation of Histoplasma Capsulatum Var Farciminosum and other Co-Infecting Bacteria from Local Breeds of Horses with Characteristic Lesion of Epizootc Lymphangutis in Akaki and Kality Districts, Central Ethiopia","authors":"K. Mideksa, Reta Tesfaye, A. Tassew","doi":"10.20431/2455-2518.0501003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2518.0501003","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethiopia, the transportation infrastructure is at its lower stage particularly in the rural areas (Birhanu et al., 2014). As a result, most of the transportation activities are performed by the use of Equines. Besides, in the northern and north-western part of the country, equines have also been used for ploughing activities showing their contribution in crop production. In some part of the country they are used as food source (Ameni et al., 2006; EARO, 1999; SPANA, 2006). Despite their uses, equines suffer from many diseases, among which Equine histoplasmosis (EH) or Epizootic lymphangitis (EL) is one of the nastiest chronic fungal disease seen mainly in equids. It is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum a thermally dimorphic fungus. particularly in Africa, Middle East and Asia. Epizootic lmphangitis is called a 'fat leg' because it is known by swelling of legs. In Ethiopia EL is known as 'Biche' in Afan Oromo and 'Nidifit' in Abstract: Across sectional study was carried out from November 2016 up to May 2017 in Bishoftu and Akaki towns in order to isolate Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum (HCF) and other co-infect bacteria from local breeds of horses with characteristic lesion of Epizootc lymphangutis. A questionnaire was also designed and administered to assess the socioeconomic impact of the disease in the community. A total of 72 clinical specimens (pus) were collected aseptically using a purposive sampling technique. These specimens were examined under microscope to identify HCF. It was also cultured on Sabourad's Dextrose Agar media and various bacteriological culture media and selective media for isolation of fungus and bacteria respectively. Only (58.3%) of mycelia growth was recorded and (98.6 %) indicated positivity under microscope using stain. Regarding the isolation of co-infect bacteria, Staphylococcus (88.8 %), Streptococcus (41.2 %), Micrococcus (75 %), gram positive Bacilli (41.7%), Corynebacterium ( 22.2%), Aeromona (34.7%), Proteus (20.8%), Klebssiella (22.2%), Pseudomonas (20.8 %) and E coli (6.8%) were identified. The study animals were also classified as those which never get treatment and those horses taking therapy (topical iodide application) in the SPANA Clinics. The occurrences of co-infect bacteria was found greater in those horses which didn’t take any therapy. But the treatment does not protect the emerging of new nodules and co-infect bacteria. Similarly, the study animals were grouped in to early, moderate and severe based on stage of the disease. The proportion of bacterial isolates was greater in those horses which were severely infected than those horses grouped in the moderate and early cases of the disease. The presence of co-infect bacteria were observed in both study area with some difference in proportion. The impact of the disease was assessed by asking various communities including users owners, traffic polices and workers from municipality whose their job related with urban hygiene","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125337394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on African Animal Trypanosomosis and its Control Measures","authors":"M. Shemsia","doi":"10.20431/2455-2518.0504004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2518.0504004","url":null,"abstract":"Africa animal trypanosomosis is the main haemoparasitic disease in domestic animals and is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma. The parasite is transmitted biologically by the tsetse fly (Glossina species) and biting flies. T. vivax and T. congolense mainly infect livestock and T. brucei infects both humans and animal. In Ethiopia, animal trypanosomosis is among the most important diseases limiting livestock productivity and agricultural development due to its high prevalence in the most arable and fertile land of South west and Northwest part of the country following the greater river basins of Abay, Omo, Ghibe and Baro, which has a high potential for agricultural development. African animal trypanosomosis is most important in cattle but can cause serious losses in pigs, camels, goats and sheep.Trypanosomosis in livestock causes great losses in terms of mortality, abortion, reduced fertility, milk and meat production and ability to work as traction animals. There are three main strategies for the controlling of Africa animal trypanosomosis. The first is to use drugs to combat the parasite itself, the second is to control vector of disease, tsetse fly which include using live targets (Pour on), dour bait technology (Traps and target) and biological vector control method. The third is exploitation of genetic resistance to trypanosomosis. The incidence of resistance to trypanocidal drugs is apparently increasing and the main means of controlling the disease is therefore under threat.","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116391570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canine Rabies with Short Incubation Period in an Unvaccinated Nigerian Indigenous Breed of Dogs: \"Case Report\"","authors":"A. N. Egbuji, P. U. Umeakuana, Jonas Anayo Onah, E. O. Ejeikwu, I. Tekki, B. Dogonyaro, Dalton Samuel, S. Enem","doi":"10.20431/2455-2518.0801003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2518.0801003","url":null,"abstract":".","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122314119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatorenal Effect of Single or Combined Moringa Olivera and Citrullus Colocynthis on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Injury in Spurge Dawely Rat","authors":"M. Elalfy, M. El-hadidy, A. Farag, A. Helmy, F. R. Ali","doi":"10.20431/2455-2518.0501001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2518.0501001","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants consider a source of potential drug, adjuvant or protective agent against hepatorenal toxic chemicals. Liver and kidney diseases of different domestic animals resulted from different agents, antibiotics, plants toxin and even post vaccinal reaction. To better understand the potential of single or combined Moringa Olivera and Citrullus Colocynthis on carbon tetrachloride-induced injury in 70 male spurge dawely rat. Carbon tetrachloride at dose of 0.5ml/kg (10% in olive oil) for 8 weeks increased significantly level of creatinine while reduced significantly level of blood urea and non-significantly reduced level of total protein and albumin. Additionally, Moringa oleifera at dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg increased significantly level of glucose and total protein and albumin while retained creatinine to quite similar level to control group. Additionally, Citrullus colocynthis at dose of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg increased significantly level of blood urea and total protein while non-significantly increased of creatinine level and reduced significantly level of glucose. Kidney and liver of rats treated with combiend moringa oleifera at dose of 250 mg/kg and citrullus colocynthis at dose of 12.5 mg/kg with carbon tetrachloride at dose of 0.5ml/kg (10% in olive oil) retain liver and kidney weight and structure to quite like control group even fail to retain creatinine level to basal level due to present of infiltrate or cast blocked renal tubules","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122859700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Dystocia Due to Fetal Mummification in Non Descript Doe","authors":"Akhter Rasool, B. Nikitha, T. Sarath, R. Kumar, K., Krishnakumar","doi":"10.20431/2455-2518.0801002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2518.0801002","url":null,"abstract":": Fetal mummification is shriveling or shrinkage of fetus due to absorption of all fetal fluids in the uterus. It is encountered as an occasional cause for dystocia and rarely found in goat. A three-year-old non-descript doe was presented to Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with the history of straining and reddish brown vaginal discharge. Clinical examination revealed that the goat was dull and depressed, subnormal temperature with increased heart rate, pulse rate and congested mucous membrane. Vaginal examination revealed presence of one dead fetus which was found to be in posterior presentation and both hind limbs were visible outside the vulva. By applying gentle traction, a dead male fetus was delivered per-vaginum. Further vaginal examination revealed the presence of a mummified fetus which was removed manually. The doe was treated with fluids, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs for five consecutive days and it had an uneventful recovery.","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134552149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel and ISA Oils Adjuvanted Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccines","authors":"Wael M. Gamaledin, E. Elsayed, A. I. Hassanin, A. A. Mohamed, W. Shabana","doi":"10.20431/2455-2518.0503001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2518.0503001","url":null,"abstract":"Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute infectious disease that infects cloven-hoofed mammals, such as pigs, cattle, cattle and goats Dara, et al., (2013). The causative agent is a single stranded positivesense RNA virus that belongs to the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. The virus has seven serological types, identified as; O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 and Asia1 Dara, et al., (2013).","PeriodicalId":325280,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123638917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}