THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS最新文献

{"title":"CHIKUNGUNYA OUTBREAK IN PAKISTAN; OPTIMAL CONTROL, AND MANAGEMENT PREVENTION","authors":"Ahmad Riaz, Tariq Javed","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i3.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i3.71","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, climatic changes have led to extreme weather events andprimarily influenced human health by outbreaks of epidemics and infectious disease. Asian countries including Pakistan is fundamentally effected by these substantial climate changes earthquake in 2005 and mega floods in 2010, affected over 20 million people following acute diarrhea, skin diseases and suspected malaria being the most common (Patz et al., 1996).These extreme climatic changes are precursors that triggers natural disasters and infectious disease recent outbreaks including malaria, dengue and chikungunya.","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121237004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ASA-GSH ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM OF SEA-ISLAND COTTON IN RESPONSE TO VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE","authors":"Amjad Ali, Li Hongbin, L. Rong, Sara Zahid, Nasir Uddin, Anis Safir, T. Masood, Waqas Safir","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i3.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i3.60","url":null,"abstract":"Sea-Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) is a high-quality long-fiber cotton species and is mainly planted in southern region of Xinjiang. The primary disease is Verticillium wilt, which is caused by Verticillium dahlia affecting G. barbadense growth and development. That leads to reduction in quality and yield of the fibers and thus to the huge economic loss. AsA-GSH antioxidant system has been extensively studied and is seen as having a crucial function in plant’s response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The goal of this study is to look into the resistant mechanism of AsA-GSH antioxidant system in Gossypiumbarbadense in response to V. dahliae. The two varieties, wilt-susceptible XH17 and wilt-resistant XH24, were incubated by V991 strain of V. dahliae and the treated leaves were collected for the physiological and biochemical analysis of AsA-GSH antioxidant system. The leaves were collected at day 0, 2, 6 and 9 after fungal inoculation and the functions of related enzymes of AsA-GSH antioxidant system including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione re-oxidase (GR), as well as the physiological indexes of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline were measured. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the genes of APX, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), SOD, CAT, and GR, that constitute AsA-GSH antioxidant system, were analyzed by the transcriptomic and proteomic data. The enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, GR, and APX were found to be increased significantly after V. dahliae treatment in both XH24 and XH17. Interestingly, SOD and APX activities maintained at relative high values in wilt-resistant XH24 but a decrease in values was observed during the late stage of V. dahliae treatment in case of wilt-susceptible XH17. High proline accumulation and low MDA content were observed in wilt-resistant XH24. The results of AsA-GSH antioxidant system genes shows that four APX members of GbAPX1A, GbAPX1D, GbAPX10D, and GbAPX12A, one DHAR member GbDHAR2D, four MDHAR members of GbMDHAR1A, GbMDHAR1D, GbMDHAR3A, and GbMDHAR3D, two GR members of GbGR2A and GbGR2D, two CAT members of GbCAT1A and GbCAT1D, and six SOD members of GbCSD4A, GbCSD5A, GbCSD4D, GbCSD5D, GbMSD1D and GbMSD1A were all expressed induced accumulations significantly after V. dahliae treatment, implying their important potential functions for G. barbadense to resist V. dahliae. Generally, the protein expression and mRNA expression indicated a similar profile, while some unique expressions of these AsA-GSH antioxidant system genes were also been discovered. There were ten APX members of GbAPX1D, GbAPX2A, GbAPX2D, GbAPX3A, GbAPX3D, GbAPX6A, GbAPX6D, GbAPX8A, GbAPX12A, and GbAPX3D; all six DHAR members with the exception of GbDHAR2D; three GR members locating in A sub-genome containing GbGR 1A, GbGR 2A, and GbGR 3A; six MDAHR members including GbMDAHR1A, GbMDAHR1D, GbMDAHR3A, GbMDAHR3D, GbMDAHR4A, and GbMDAHR4D; two ","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125758003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATION OF FEAR TOWARDS OMICRON VARIANT OF COVID-19 AMONG THE POPULATION OF SOUTH PUNJAB, PAKISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY","authors":"Hubza Ruatt Khan, Romah Ishfaq, Asghar Javaid, Mehvish Javeed, Aiman Shahzadi, Rabia Sultan","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i3.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i3.67","url":null,"abstract":"A new COVID-19 variant B.1.1.529 named Omicron induced a swift increase in COVID-19 cases across the world. Omicron variant-associated cases had a substantial impact on people's mental health. A cross-sectional social media-based survey was conducted (13-December-2021 to 25-Dec-2021) after the first case of Omicron variant has been reported in Pakistan. A designed questionnaire was used to gather data. The first part of the questionnaire contained demographic characteristics and second section comprised seven questions regarding fear toward the Omicron variant of COVID-19. Statistical analysis was performed by Graph Pad Prism version VII and MS-Excel. A total of 375 people were engaged in this survey. About 98.9% of participants had heard about the Omicron variant. Social media was found as the enormous source of Omicron variant information. The fear score was collectively high about 84.5%. Partakers who belong to urban areas had a significantly high fear score than the people who live in rural areas. Participants aged 21 - 40 had remarkably greater fear scores than other ages especially among healthcare workers in comparison with non-healthcare workers. Females were found eminently on a high fear level as compared to men. On an educational basis, post-graduates partakers had significantly high fear scores than the other graduates and high school/diploma holder participants. The current study provides a compact screening of the fear among the people of south Punjab Pakistan towards the Omicron variant of COVID-19. There is a need for development of strategies to overcome the fear by imparting new policies and awareness programs.","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131164559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DESIGNING A RAPID, RELIABLE AND REPRODUCIBLE METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF SALMONELLA SPP. FROM POULTRY MEAT","authors":"A. Fatima, Shahid Nawaz, M. Shahid, Maira Saleem, Iza Fatima","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.51","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne diseases among humans worldwide. Animal-derived foods are frequently tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. However, the detection of Salmonella in meat and its products is often hindered due to the presence of background normal flora, which may lead to the detection of false-positive Salmonella. The present study aimed to isolate and accurately identify Salmonella spp. from poultry meat. For this purpose, seventy poultry meat samples were collected from Lahore, Pakistan, isolated on selective and differential media, and identified using biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction for the 16S rRNA gene of identified strains. The results of selective and differential media culturing and biochemical tests were compared with the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. It was inferred that the phenylalanine deaminase test and triple sugar iron tests eliminate the false-positive Salmonella isolates obtained on isolation media, and along with the PCR technique, can serve as an accurate and efficient method for the correct detection of Salmonella spp. from meat samples. In order to reduce the false-positive Salmonella isolates, a highly specific selective media must be designed which can distinguish Salmonella forming different colors of colonies from other bacteria and also cause the inhibition of non-Salmonellaisolates.","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122076558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND MEAT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HEALTHY AND INFECTED CIRRHINUS MRIGALA, AND (LABEO ROHITA X CIRRHINUS MRIGALA) HYBRID WITH ABDOMINAL DROPSY DISEASE","authors":"Sadia Nazir, S. Bano, M. Asghar, Aamna Batool, S. Hameed","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.57","url":null,"abstract":"The current study has been conducted for investigating effects of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on haematological indices of Cirrhinus mrigala, and Labeo rohita×Cirrhinus mrigala (hybrid). However, some haematological indices, including those for healthy and infected fish, were measured in two adult groups of Indian major carps. Our findings showed that infected fish had significantly lower values for red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophils, basophils, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and platelet count (p<0.05) as compared to healthy fish. Meat chemical analysis values were also shown significant (p<0.05) both in infected and healthy fish. In conclusion, our findings concluded that Aeromonas hydrophila can alter the haematology of Indian major carps to affect their health.","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"300 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132731484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOPS OF BEVERAGE CANS ARE A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF INFECTION: A STUDY OF BACTERIAL LOAD PRESENT ON THE LIDS OF BEVERAGE CANS","authors":"Saleha Hafeez, S. Hasnain","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.61","url":null,"abstract":"It is common practice to drink directly from tops of beverage cans which are exposed to environmental contaminants during handling and storage. The purpose of this research was to determine the bacterial load present on the lids of beverage cans and find out the ways to significantly reduce the number of bacteria present on them. One hundred and eighty apparently clean and non-refrigerated beverage cans were collected from different shops and divided into two groups. First group was used for cleaning experiments and second group was used to determine the effect of refrigeration on bacterial load. Different types of bacteria were isolated which belonged to Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus spp, Klebsiella spp and Escherichia spp. AST result pattern of S. aureus isolates did not show the presence of MRSA and MSSA. E. coli isolates were found to be highly sensitive to ceftriaxone and highly resistant to erythromycin. Cleaning with tap water plus wiping with dry tissue resulted in maximum removal of bacterial load (76.6%) as compared to other methods (68.8% with dry tissue and 47.3% with tap water) and is thus the most effective method for this purpose. Refrigeration lowered the bacterial load by 16.6%, but it depends upon the type of bacteria present. Beverage cans are present in different environments and are handled by different people and thus can be a potential source of infection for the consumers. It is highly recommended that beverage cans should be cleaned before drinking.","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126426946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Influencing the Growth and Production of auxin in two locally isolated Synechocystis Species from Variant rice field Habitats","authors":"Sumaira Mazhar, S. Hasnain","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.69","url":null,"abstract":"Synechocystis species have been assessed for their capacity to produce IAA (Indole acetic acid) in the rhizosphere and water of a rice field. Temp, acid levels, treatment time, and multiple tryptophan proportions were analyzed to see how they affected growth and phytohormones content. Different temperatures and pH levels ranges were preferred by habitat-isolated strains for development and auxin production. The ideal pH and temperature for water isolate growth were 8 and 30°C, respectively, while for rhizospheric isolate growth, 7 and 25°C. Both strains produced the most auxin at pH 6 and 35°C. The production of auxin by both isolates was positively related to incubation and tryptophan quantity.","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126069158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN FEMALE DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE-2 PATIENTS ATTENDING TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL QUETTA","authors":"Safina Inayat, K. Mehmood, Gulalai Inayat, Sobia Munir, A. Yar","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.50","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is notoriously known around the globe for its pathological problems and it is mostly linked with metabolic, cellular, and blood disorders. In previous studies, the biochemical and hematological anomalies have been associated with type 2 diabetes disorder. In studying this, we compared and analyzed the hematological and biochemical parameters between non-diabetic and diabetic patients from Quetta, Pakistan, and highlighted the anomalies. The results of this study discovered significant anomalies in the biochemical and hematological parameters of diabetic type 2 patients compared with non-diabetic patients. In this study, we conducted a comparative cross-sectional analysis on 100 volunteers among them 50 volunteers were diabetic type 2 patients and the remaining 50 were taken as control these volunteers were selected by applying a systematic random sampling technique. For hematological andbiochemical analysis 5ml of blood from the patients and control group was drawn and subsequently analyzed using an automated cell counter. That was analyzed by using SPSS 22 version. In this study, the majority of subjects in both groups were females. The results of this study displayed that the level of MCV, PVC, RBCs, and hemoglobin was significantly lower compared to diabetic-free individuals. Whereas; mean WBCs and MCHC were highly significant in diabetics patients than the diabetic-free individuals. We did not observe any difference in the level of MCH between both groups. In the case of biochemical parameters comparison, the mean of LDL, TC, creatinine, and urea was higher in the diabetic group as compared to the control group and the value of HDL was lower in the diabetic group.","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126724703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INCIDENCE OF APHID BORNE VIRUSES AND THEIR VECTOR DYNAMICS INFECTING POTATO CROP IN DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN","authors":"I. Tahir, Z. Asad, Muhammad Usman Shah, Tahira Shafique, Saiqa Shafique, Nasir Uddin, Rameesha Abid, Anis Safir, Hafiza Sehrish Kinai, Waqas Safir","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i2.63","url":null,"abstract":"Potato crop production is hampered by several fungal, viral, and bacterial diseases. Among the viral Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato-mop-top-virus (PMTV), Potato virus S (PVS) and Potato virus X (PVX) are the most important. Potato growing fields were surveyed during 2016 and 2017 to determine the incidence of two aphid-borne viruses, PVY and PLRV and to explore the dynamics of potato aphids in four potato-producing district of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. During survey 930 leaf samples were collected from various locations of Bagh, Sudhnoti, Poonch and Neelum. Parameters determined included aphid population, symptomology, DAC-ELISA based virus incidence, rate of co-infection and disease severity. Overall relative disease incidence of PLRV and PVY was 48.71% and 53.23% respectively. The highest average aphid’s population per field was 390.27 in Sudhnoti due to the low altitude of the surveyed locations. Three aphid species Myzuspersicae Myzusornatusand, Macrosiphum euphorbiaewere identified in AJK potato fields. Themaximum co-infection was recorded from Poonch. It was found that aphid populations decreased with the increase of altitude. The incidence of PLRV and PVY were high where aphid population was high. Therefore, it is necessary to promote awareness among the farmers on virus and aphid symptoms identification and to recommend use of healthy, uncontaminated certified potato seed.","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129554056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPLORING POTENTIAL OF METAL RESISTANT AND PGP ATTRIBUTES OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING RHIZOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN","authors":"S. Batool","doi":"10.52700/jmmg.v3i1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/jmmg.v3i1.45","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus is highly required nutrient for proper plant functioning and growth but due to its highly reactive nature it changed its form after short period of time when we applied as fertilizer and become unavailable for plant uptake while Phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria are powerful candidates that solubilize the P that is already present in soil. So, the present research based on the hypothesis to isolating, screening and optimizing the phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria with potential of metalresistant and multiple PGPR attributes. Total 55 PSR strains were isolated out of which 20 strains (WUSB1,WUSB2, WUSB3, WUSB4, WUSB5, WUSB6, WUSB7, WUSB8, WUSB9, WUSB10, WUSB11, WUSB12, WUSB13, WUSB14, WUSB15, WUSB16, WUSB17, WUSB18, WUSB19, WUSB20) were selected with 4-8 (PSI) and 30-122?g/ml phosphate solubilization in NBRIP medium for one weekincubation at 370C. These strains were further analyzed for their physiochemical attributes, metal resistant, extracellular enzyme production and PGP attributes. Final results showed that one candidate designated the name as WUSB16 produce significant results i.e. having capacity to solubilize P 5.46 (PSI) on agar plate assay and 105?g/ml in broth assay, Acid and alkaline phosphatase production 20?mol PNPb ml-1 hr-1 or 15?mol PNP ml-1 hr-1 respectively. It showed metal resistant against ZnSO4, MnSO4 and CuSO4. Evaluation of PGP attributes indicated that the capacity of WUSB16 strain for auxin production was 100?g/ml, for siderophore and nitrogen fixation was stronger (+++), for Hydrogen Cyanide and ammonia production was medium (++) and for ACC deaminase was negative (-). From above results we can conclude that WUSB16 PSR strain with multifaceted PGP traits is the best candidate that have potential to utilized as Phosphate solubilizing bioinoculant.","PeriodicalId":322027,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130685940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}