{"title":"COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF FAULT-TOLERANT HARDWARE ARCHITECTURES FOR AUTONOMOUS DRIVING SYSTEMS","authors":"Tim Maurice Julitz, A. Tordeux, Manuel Lower","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fault-tolerant hardware architectures for autonomous vehicles can be implemented through redundancy, diversity, separation, self-diagnosis, and reconfiguration. These approaches can be coupled with majority redundancy through M-out-of-N independent system architectures. The development of fault- tolerant systems is of central importance in the launch of autonomous driving systems from level 4. The increasing complexity of electrical and electronic systems is challenging for the design of safety-critical systems. This work aims to develop a method to manage this complexity in product development and to use it to compare different types of architectures. The basis is a system consisting of sensors and microcontrollers. The reliability of all possible MooN configurations of the system is calculated automatically by numerically solving the master equation of the corresponding Markov chain. Subsequently, a software-based fault tree analysis enables more detailed modeling of the component structure. The results show that four-line architectures can provide suitable results and that the development effort for 2-ECU systems is higher than for 1-ECU systems with respect to the ISO 26262 target values.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125677497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MODELING COMPLEXITY IN THE STRUCTURE OF DESIGN REGULATION","authors":"David Myles Robinson, A. Dong","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.269","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Government regulation shapes many aspects of the design of a product. This paper addresses the effect of the complexity of a regulation on product architecture through the structure of the regulation itself. The structure of a regulation derives from dependencies among requirements and parameters in the regulation that are ipso facto design elements. Since design elements such as requirements and parameters have no formal definition in regulation, it is difficult to identify them accurately and consistently. We apply two approaches to defining and coding requirements and parameters in the context of washing machine regulation. The two coding approaches generate networks of design elements that are analyzed to measure the complexity of the regulation and by extension the product. We find significant differences in the complexity of the regulation when coded in different ways and note deficiencies and strengths of each approach. These findings will support future research to measure the impact of regulatory complexity on product architecture.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115727024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. N. Ege, M. Goudswaard, O. Nesheim, S. Eikevåg, Øystein Bjelland, K. A. Christensen, R. Ballantyne, Shuo Su, C. Cox, Louis Timperley, O. Aeddula, R. J. Machchhar, R. Ruvald, Jie Li, Sara Figueiredo, Saurabh Deo, N. Horvat, Ivan Čeh, Jelena Šklebar, D. Miler, J. Gopsill, B. Hicks, M. Steinert
{"title":"VIRTUALLY HOSTED HACKATHONS FOR DESIGN RESEARCH: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE INTERNATIONAL DESIGN ENGINEERING ANNUAL (IDEA) CHALLENGE 2022","authors":"D. N. Ege, M. Goudswaard, O. Nesheim, S. Eikevåg, Øystein Bjelland, K. A. Christensen, R. Ballantyne, Shuo Su, C. Cox, Louis Timperley, O. Aeddula, R. J. Machchhar, R. Ruvald, Jie Li, Sara Figueiredo, Saurabh Deo, N. Horvat, Ivan Čeh, Jelena Šklebar, D. Miler, J. Gopsill, B. Hicks, M. Steinert","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.382","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The International Design Engineering Annual (IDEA) Challenge is a virtually hosted hackathon for Engineering Design researchers with aims of: i) generating open access datasets; ii) fostering community between researchers; and, iii) applying great design minds to develop solutions to real design problems. This paper presents the 2022 IDEA challenge and elements of the captured dataset with the aim of providing insights into prototyping behaviours at virtually hosted hackathons, comparing it with the 2021 challenge dataset and providing reflections and learnings from two years of running the challenge. The dataset is shown to provide valuable insights into how designers spend their time at hackathon events and how, why and when prototypes are used during their design processes. The dataset also corroborates the findings from the 2021 dataset, demonstrating the complementarity of physical and sketch prototypes. With this paper, we also invite the wider community to contribute to the IDEA Challenge in future years, either as participants or in using the platform to run their own design studies.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134437084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RECONSTRUCTION OF TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED GEOMETRY WITH CASTING CONSTRAINTS IN A FEATURE-BASED APPROACH","authors":"Johannes Mayer, M. Denk, S. Wartzack","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Topology Optimization (TO) is an established method for the development of high strength and lightweight structural components. However, its results have to be geometrically revised to obtain a computational model that meets product development requirements. Design has to be in accordance with manufacturing constraints. Geometry reconstruction therefore still is a typically manual and tedious task, but increasingly supported by computational and automated approaches. In this paper, the inclusion of a casting constraint in an automated Medial Axis based reconstruction method is presented. Since the Medial Axis provides cross-section values by the computation of maximally inscribed spheres, this information is used for geometry reconstruction and even further for the purposeful adaption of the cross-section to match Heuver's circle method. Thereby, the directed solidification of molten material is considered. With a predefined feeder position, the demonstrator of a suspension control arm is used to show the application of the method. Resulting CAD-models are also structurally evaluated for their stiffness characteristics.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131566464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THE RIGHT-TO-REPAIR MOVEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN IMPLICATIONS: A FOCUS ON THREE INDUSTRIAL SECTORS","authors":"Michael Saidani, Alicia Kim, Madeline Kim","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.347","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While products get more challenging to repair, the right-to-repair movement aims to empower consumers in their ability to “use, modify, and repair” a device “whenever, wherever, and however” they want. Here, the best design practices and remaining challenges of three industrial sectors – namely, consumer electronics, biomedical devices, and clothing industry – are investigated in light of the right-to-repair movement. Based on literature reviews and industrial surveys, a SWOT analysis is provided for each sector, and sustainable implications for product repair readiness are drawn. Concretely, recommendations to design, develop and sell products with right-to-repair in mind are given by sector. Future directions for a more quantitative assessment and implementation of design for product repair are discussed to ensure the augmentation of the circularity and sustainability performance of products.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131815945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Brahma, M. Panarotto, T. Kipouros, O. Isaksson, Petter Andersson, P. Clarkson
{"title":"FUNCTION DRIVEN ASSESSMENT OF MANUFACTURING RISKS IN CONCEPT GENERATION STAGES","authors":"A. Brahma, M. Panarotto, T. Kipouros, O. Isaksson, Petter Andersson, P. Clarkson","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.200","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Decisions made in the concept generation phase have a significant effect on the product. While product- related risks typically can be considered in the early stages of design, risks such as supply chain and manufacturing methods are rarely easy to account for in early phases. This is because the currently available methods require mature data, which may not be available during concept generation. In this paper, we propose an approach to address this. First, the product and the non-product (manufacturing and/or supply chain) attributes are modelled using the enhanced function means (EF-M) modelling method. The EF-M method provides the opportunity to model alternative solutions-set for functions. Dependencies are then mapped within the product and the manufacturing models, and also in between them. An automatic combinatorial method of concept generation is employed where each generated instance is a design concept-manufacturing method pair. A risk propagation algorithm is then used to assess the risks of all the generated alternatives.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131899556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DESIGN PROCESS MODELLING TO MEASURE ENGINEERING PRODUCTIVITY IN BUILDING DESIGN","authors":"Y. Y. B. Wong, S. Joyce, L. Blessing","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A multi-domain Matrix (MDM) is used to identify and analyse rework loops within the Building Design (BD) process caused by building regulations. To model this process, we used information from official documents, plans of work, email archives, and anecdotal evidence as a case study. Findings reveal that MDM can identify the rework loops caused by building regulations, this information forms the basis to improve current BD processes. The complexity of the rework loop including the processes, people and, deliverables involved in the rework loop is also identified. Further analysis can also use the MDM to estimate the costs incurred with each rework cycle. This MDM can also identify rework loops in other engineering design processes due to design changes. This study is part of a PhD project exploring engineering productivity in the construction industry using DRM. The results present an MDM that provides situation-specific insight, offering areas of process improvement, and support through engineering productivity measurement. This is one of the few studies that models rework loops in the BD process caused by regulations.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132146591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF A 2D BIOMECHANICAL MODEL TO SIMULATE SEATED MULTIDIRECTIONAL ARM STRENGTH OF PEOPLE WITH C5-C7 TETRAPLEGIA","authors":"G. Stilwell, D. Symons, Shayne Gooch","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.144","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract People living with tetraplegia experience a significant loss of sensory and motor function; with the severity depending on their injury level and completeness. To complete tasks independently, people with tetraplegia often rely on assistive devices. To avoid upper extremity pain, designs should not require applications of force near the limits of the user's physical strength. This paper establishes a 2D biomechanical model using static equilibrium and joint torque limits to predict multidirectional strength patterns in the sagittal plane for people with C5 to C7 tetraplegia in a seated position. The results from the biomechanical model highlight the areas and directions of high strength. The strength patterns observed in this paper provide an opportunity for designers to evaluate strength requirements and take advantage of areas and directions of high strength and ensure that users are not required to apply force near their physical limit. In doing this, designs such as assistive devices can be developed that enable users with a reduction in strength to operate them independently.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133226978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"LET ME FINISH MY THOUGHT: PROCESS INTERVENTIONS TO CHANGE TEAM BEHAVIOR DURING REMOTE DESIGN COLLABORATION","authors":"L. Domingo, L. Leifer, J. Auernhammer","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.243","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research investigates changes in team behavior and communication through interruptions and gestures, due to design process strategies in pre-formed remote teams for conceptual design tasks. Understanding creative remote team behavior is important due to the increase of remote communication in knowledge work. Teams were given a creative or analytical condition intervention to facilitate their conceptual design team process. The research contributes to the human-computing interaction literature by characterizing changes in distributed team behavior due to process method interventions. The creative condition exhibited a decrease in interruptions. The analytical condition exhibited a decrease in gestures and an increase in problem characterization at the cost of ideation discussion. Remote team members can better gauge which meetings or work tasks are best to be done in person or remotely by gauging not just the task but also the team behavior.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132765702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PREVENTING THE OVERCONSUMPTION AND DISPOSAL OF REFILL AT HOME FAST-MOVING CONSUMER GOODS – INTERVENTIONS THAT SUPPORT CIRCULAR CONSUMER JOURNEYS","authors":"Catriona Tassell, M. Aurisicchio","doi":"10.1017/pds.2023.294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.294","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Context and problem: Reuse is positioned as a strategy capable of countering single-use overconsumption and disposal. For refill at home FMCGs, consumers are responsible for carrying out behaviours that enable this, such as keeping and using products for a prolonged period. However, it is not known if consumers actually fulfil these responsibilities. Aim: This research aims to understand the extent to which consumer reuse behaviours supports the intended reduction in impact and, if not, consider how best to improve it. Method: In-depth interviews with 15 consumers were conducted where the behaviour chain method was used to map resource journeys for 31 refill at home offerings. Results: Five models of consumer behaviour increased the impact of reuse. The critical moments which led consumers to carry out these behaviours were identified, uncovering intervention areas. Conclusions: The behaviour models and critical moments offer a first attempt to systematically analyse how and where actual consumer behaviour can increase the impact of refill at home FMCGs. The results call for focussed interventions across the consumer journey that support reuse components as part of a system.","PeriodicalId":319189,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Design Society","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117137078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}