Innovation by demand最新文献

Hyperembedded demand and uneven innovation 超嵌入需求和不均衡创新

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00013

B. Erickson

{"title":"Hyperembedded demand and uneven innovation","authors":"B. Erickson","doi":"10.7765/9781526137449.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526137449.00013","url":null,"abstract":"the kind of people seen as suitable for providing the service. The fusion of service and service provider implies that using a new kind of person to provide a service is a true innovation, and one that may meet resistance to the extent that it violates entrenched expectations of who providers should be. One important example is women providing services once monopolised by men. This is a large-scale innovation, involving many people across many industries, part of the massive movement of women into paid employment that was one of the twentieth century’s major labour-force trends. The innovation was a very uneven one, both within and between industries: sometimes men still control a kind of service, sometimes women have entered it but have been ‘resegregated’ into particular jobs defined or redefined as suitable for women (Reskin and Roos, 1990), sometimes women do jobs defined as men’s work. To account for this variability I draw on one industry, the private security industry in Toronto, which usefully exemplifies overall trends. Security work was once done by men only, is still widely seen as work mostly done by and suited to men (e.g. Macan et al., 1994), and is still done mainly by men in Toronto (Erickson, 1996). Though men dominate overall, the role of women varies widely from one part of security to another: women are sometimes absent, sometimes in jobs redefined as suitable for women, and sometimes in jobs very much defined as men’s work. I trace such variability of innovation to the complexity of the relational matrix within which innovation is embedded. The matrix includes several kinds of key actors: employers, service providers, potential employees, clients, and targets to whom service work is directed on behalf of clients. In reviewing research on gender segregation at work, Reskin (1993) calls for work on ‘all labour market actors’, noting that research often looks only at the supply side (employees and potential employees) or the demand side (employers) and rarely looks at clients. The work reported here is novel in considering clients, and in adding the very much neglected role of targets, and above all in looking at the interconnections among all these actors. Part 8 Hyperembedded demand and uneven innovation: female labour in a male-dominated service industry","PeriodicalId":318437,"journal":{"name":"Innovation by demand","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114411522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Greening organisations 绿化组织

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00014

K. Green, Barbara A. Morton, S. New

引用次数: 1

Social mechanisms generating demand 产生需求的社会机制

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00007

A. Warde

引用次数: 1

Front matter 前页

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00001

引用次数: 0

Innovation by demand? An introduction 需求创新?介绍

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00006

A. McMeekin, K. Green, M. Tomlinson, V. Walsh

{"title":"Innovation by demand? An introduction","authors":"A. McMeekin, K. Green, M. Tomlinson, V. Walsh","doi":"10.7765/9781526137449.00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526137449.00006","url":null,"abstract":"The structure and regulation of consumption and demand have recently become of great interest to sociologists and economists alike, ‘consumption’ being the focus of sociological accounts, whilst ‘demand’ has been the preserve of economists’ analyses. At the same time, there is growing interest, especially among economists, in trying to understand the patterns and drivers of technological innovation. The connection between consumption/demand and innovation suggests a number of interesting questions. How do macrosocial shifts influence patterns of consumption? How do firms and other organisations structure markets and create demand? How do perceptions of demand influence the innovative activities of firms? How do consumers respond to the innovative offerings of firms? In 1999 the Centre for Research in Innovation and Competition (at Manchester University and UMIST) ran an international workshop to explore these themes. The primary aim of the workshop was to bring together sociologists and economists to look at how they study the role of demand and consumption in the innovation process. There have been few attempts to find points of contact between the diverse approaches. So the focus of the workshop was on identifying differences and complementarities in approach, with a view to finding possible common ground and new interdisciplinary research directions. This book presents some of the papers from the workshop and others of CRIC researchers that explore the same theme. The first two chapters set the scene for the whole volume. They offer broad conceptual overviews of ways that the sociological and economics literatures address issues of innovation, demand and consumption. Alan Warde, in Chapter 2, reviews the sociological literature on consumption, focusing in particular on research that offers alternative or complementary views to the concepts of ‘conspicuous consumption’ and individual choice, which has dominated much work in this area. From this, he proposes a research agenda for examining everyday consumption, that is, consumption that is unremarkable, bound by habit and routine, and which takes place in the context of social networks and institutions, by which it is also constrained. As he points 1 Innovation by demand? An introduction","PeriodicalId":318437,"journal":{"name":"Innovation by demand","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114105181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Markets, supermarkets and the macro-social shaping of demand 市场，超市和需求的宏观社会塑造

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00017

M. Harvey

{"title":"Markets, supermarkets and the macro-social shaping of demand","authors":"M. Harvey","doi":"10.7765/9781526137449.00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526137449.00017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues for the need to build an economic sociology/political economy of demand that goes from micro-individual through to macro-structural features. It develops an ?instituted economic process? approach to the study of demand and innovation to account for processes of institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation. Within this framework, the concept of a ?production?distribution?retail?consumption? configuration is seen as shaping innovation. The empirical investigations of this chapter involve analysis of how retail markets link demand with supply, and how that link is a structured one: the interface facing both ways. The chapter explores three empirical cases. The first involves the near disappearance of wholesale markets for fresh fruit and vegetables to retail markets, and the particular questions raised in terms of range and quality of products that flow through them. The second deals with an equally significant reconfiguration of the retail?distribution?production configuration reflected in the emergence of supermarket own-label products. The third raises the question of how the organisation of retail markets, and their transformation, alters the way demand is instituted between end consumers and retailers.","PeriodicalId":318437,"journal":{"name":"Innovation by demand","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123953869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Social categorisation and group identification 社会分类和群体认同

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00012

Virág Molnár, M. Lamont

引用次数: 0

There’s more to the economics of consumption than (almost) unconstrained utility maximisation 消费经济学不仅仅是(几乎)不受约束的效用最大化

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00008

G. Swann

{"title":"There’s more to the economics of consumption than (almost) unconstrained utility maximisation","authors":"G. Swann","doi":"10.7765/9781526137449.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526137449.00008","url":null,"abstract":"workshop by Warde (Chapter 2 in this book). In summarising, Warde said that the main message of his paper was, perhaps, that there is more to the sociology of consumption than Thorstein Veblen. This is an important message, and relevant for two groups. First, to his fellow sociologists, that they should not be preoccupied with the exceptional and conspicuous forms of consumption. Second, to other social scientists – economists like this author, for example – that we should not form the wrong impression of where the sociology of consumption is going. Moreover, it seems that it is of equal importance that this book should contain a chapter emphasising that there is more to the economics of consumption than the free choice and utility maximisation of ‘modern’ neoclassical consumer theory. Again this chapter should address two audiences: those mainstream economists who understand this message in principle, but still focus their energies on deriving ever more elaborate optimisation algorithms; and the other social scientists who still, mistakenly, believe that ‘there is nothing more to the economics of consumption than utility maximisation’. Between this introduction and the conclusion the chapter is divided into five sections. The first looks at the hard core of modern economics of consumption. In this, consumer behaviour is about utility maximisation – or, to be more precise, it is about an axiomatic theory of demand. If these axioms are accepted, then modern demand theory shows that the consumer behaves as if he or she were maximising an ordinal utility function. This ordinal function is very different from the cardinal utility function of Bentham. How can we characterise this modern theory? The theory is rigorous, certainly, and it has offered many professional economists the opportunity to demonstrate their technical bravura. But it is shallow in two senses: it seems to imply a very simplistic notion of how the consumer behaves but at the same time it actually contains very little empirical content. The second section looks back at the writings on consumption by the ‘giants’ – the nineteenth and early twentieth-century pioneers of economics. 3 There’s more to the economics of consumption than (almost) unconstrained utility maximisation","PeriodicalId":318437,"journal":{"name":"Innovation by demand","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127081346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The incorporation of user needs in telecom product design 电信产品设计中用户需求的结合

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00016

V. Walsh, C. Cohen, A. Richards

{"title":"The incorporation of user needs in telecom product design","authors":"V. Walsh, C. Cohen, A. Richards","doi":"10.7765/9781526137449.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526137449.00016","url":null,"abstract":"firm supplying telecommunications equipment. It is part of a larger project in which we also observed the design of a telecom service by a network of telecommunications service supply firms, and several projects in a consumer organisation which evaluates telecom and other electronic products and services. Our approach was to observe these projects as they were unfolding. The rationale for studying ongoing design work was to observe the process by which design decisions were made, while various options were being considered, and before each decision had become, in the minds of those concerned, justified as the ‘best’ and possibly only option to choose. A design often becomes the preferred option as it is adopted, commitments are made to it, rationalisation takes place, support is enlisted and interests become bound up with the choice that has been made. One of our objectives was to use our observations to contribute to the understanding of the management of the design process. The organisation sponsoring the research was the Design Council, whose own objective is the promotion of effective design in manufacturing and service industry. The other objective was to contribute to the body of academic work currently being undertaken, in Manchester and elsewhere, which seeks to analyse design and innovation activities within an interdisciplinary framework of the social sciences, exploring the potential for rapprochement among technology management, sociology of innovation, economics of technological change, anthropology and other disciplines.","PeriodicalId":318437,"journal":{"name":"Innovation by demand","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128415185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social routines and the consumption of food 社会惯例和食物消费

Innovation by demand Pub Date : 2018-07-30 DOI: 10.7765/9781526137449.00011

M. Tomlinson, A. McMeekin

引用次数: 1