Jurnal Geografi最新文献

{"title":"HUBUNGAN PERILAKU WARGA DI RUMAH DENGAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN TEMPAT TINGGAL SEBAGAI FAKTOR PENYEBAB DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI KELURAHAN KOTA UNENG KECAMATAN ALOK KABUPATEN SIKKA","authors":"Maria Febrina Carola Da Cunha, Mikael Samin, Arfita Rahmawati","doi":"10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7526","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the relationship between the behavior of residents at home and living environmental conditions as a factor causing dengue hemorrhagic fever seen from the behavior of residents at home that affects dengue hemorrhagic fever with environmental conditions where they live as a breeding ground for the aedes aegypti mosquito. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative research.  Data collection techniques using questionnaires and observation. Respondents and places of observation in this study were 100 people and 100 houses in the Urban Village of Uneng. The positive analysis technique used in the study was univariate analysis to describe the behavioral variables of residents at home and mosquito population density with the formula for the positive proportion of houses with Aedes aegypty (HI) larvae, percentage of breeding sites with Aedes aegypty (CI) larvae, and number of breeding sites with Aedes aegypty larvae. positive for Aedes aegypti (BI) larvae and the number of houses that are not infected with larvae (ABJ). The results of the study indicate that there is a relationship between the behavior of residents at home and the condition of the living environment as a factor causing dengue hemorrhagic fever. This relationship is due to the dominant behavior of residents at home is the behavior of residents who influence the occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever against environmental conditions where the aedes aegypti mosquito larvae are positive. From this relationship, it was concluded that in Uneng City Village, it was very likely that residents at home could experience dengue hemorrhagic fever. This is based on the magnitude of the Bretau Index (BI) figure of 53% and the larva-free rate (ABJ) of 62%","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80575087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PENGEMBANGAN DESA WISATA DI KABUPATEN ENDE SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN URBANISASI","authors":"Natalia Adel H. N. Mari","doi":"10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7518","url":null,"abstract":"The change from mass tourism to alternative tourism provides an advantage for tourist villages to be an option in tourism development. Rural areas with their unique characteristics, such as unspoiled natural environment, beautiful natural scenery, various kinds of animals and plants, rural people and culture, present a unique experience to tourists. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytic model. Tourism villages are able to reduce the urbanization of people from villages to cities because many economic activities in villages can be created. In addition, tourist villages can be an effort to preserve and empower the potential of local culture and local wisdom values ​​that exist in the community. As an effort to suppress the existing rate of urbanization, the development of tourist villages is a form of solution that can be carried out by every village. In developing a village into a tourist village, many aspects are absorbed, especially the provision of jobs in the village which are increasingly varied and able to absorb the existing workforce in rural areas.","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85605229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DAMPAK PENAMBANGAN PASIR TRADISIONAL TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN DI KAWASAN KAKI GUNUNG POCO NDEKI WOLOKOLO KELURAHAN KOTA NDORA KECAMATAN BORONG KABUPATEN MANGGARAI TIMUR","authors":"Odilia Mbas, Hamzah Wulakada, M. Hasan","doi":"10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7515","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to: (1) identify the factors that influence erosion at the foot of Mount Poco Ndeki Wolokolo, Ndora City, Borong District; (2) Identify the level of erosion hazard using the USLE formula at the foot of Mount Poco Ndeki Wolokolo, Kelurahan Kota Ndora, Kecamatan Borong; (3) identify mitigation strategies in the traditional sand mining area at the foot of the Poco Ndeki mountain, Ndora City Village, Borong District. This study uses a quantitative method with sampling technique using a sampling area so that the ex-mining area is obtained which has an erosion rate of 71.0138 tons/ha/year classified as moderate erosion level. Data sources consist of primary data and secondary data collected using field observations, documentation, and measurements. Then the data is reprocessed into field data by paying attention to library sources and map overlays. The results of the field research show that: (1) the erosion factors in the research location greatly affect the physical condition of the soil condition in the ex-mining area, these factors include: rain erodibility, soil erodibility, slope length, slope slope, land cover vegetation, and land conservation. ; (2) the level of erosion hazard obtained from the estimation using the USLE formula is classified as moderate erosion rate according to the decision of the director-general of reforestation and rehabilitation No. 041/Kpst/V/1998; (3) the mitigation strategy that must be carried out on the land is conservation efforts through agroforestry methods or forest farming systems.","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82827571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KONTRIBUSI UNSUR-UNSUR GEOGRAFI DALAM PERTANIAN KEMIRI DI DESA KERIREA KECAMATAN NANGAPANDA KABUPATEN ENDE NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR","authors":"Chandra Sudarta, Hamzah Wulakada, Sunimbar Sunimbar","doi":"10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7519","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to: (1) Knowing the elements of geography related to candlenut farming. (2) Knowing the availability of land for the development of candlenut plants. (3) Knowing the factors that encourage and inhibit the development of candlenut plants. In this study, the method used is a qualitative descriptive approach. In this study, the population is the candlenut farming community, totaling 178 families. The sample used in this study were 20 farmers and at the same time as respondents in this study, namely by determining proportional sampling (deliberate or real selection). Sources of data come from primary data and secondary data. Data collection methods used are observation, interviews and documentation. Data processing is through reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the study are as follows: (1) Related Elements, namely Soil, Climate, Slope, Water Availability, Labor (farmers), Land (land). (2) Land Availability for Kemiri Plant Development in Kerirea Village Land availability is determined based on data on total local actual production of agricultural commodities (candlenut) in 2019 produced in Kerirea Village. Kerirea Village, Nangapanda District, the state of land availability reaches 1825 hectares. This is because the most prominent and highest number of commodities in Kerirea Village is the agricultural sector, one of which is candlenut. (3) Supporting and Inhibiting Factors in the Development of Kemiri Plants in Kerirea Village, namely Supporting Factors, Factors that cause people in Kerirea Village to be more dominant in cultivating candlenut plants, namely: (a) The topography of Kerirea Village is at an altitude of 100 to 700 meters above sea level, while the requirements To grow candlenut plants in order to obtain good production must be planted at an altitude of 0-800 meters above sea level. This indicates that the research area is suitable for candlenut farming. (b) The land area of  Kerirea Village is dominated by dry land and forest so that farmers in Kerirea Village make more use of the existing land in the area for dry land plantations. In addition, farmers are starting to develop candlenut plants. (c) The candlenut plant and its products are very helpful for the people of Kerirea Village in their daily needs, both in the household and in education. This factor encourages the people in Kerirea Village to prioritize candlenut farming compared to other commodities in Kerirea Village. Inhibiting Factors: Obstacles faced by farmers in the development of candlenut plants in Kerirea Village are as follows: (a) Lack of Marketing Network, namely Barriers, namely lack of marketing network for candlenut crops. (b) Pests and Diseases Attacks The next obstacle is pest and disease attacks where candlenut plants are plants that are rarely attacked by pests and diseases, but we cannot expect that at certain times plants will meet them, for example the type of caterpillar pest (CriculaTrifenestrataHelfer) th","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83956529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANALISIS PERSIAPAN MAHASISWA DALAM MENGIKUTI PERKULIAHAN MATA KULIAH GEOGRAFI REGIONAL SEMESTER III B PADA PRODI PENDIDIKAN GEOGRAFI TAHUN AJARAN 2022/2023","authors":"B. T. T. Pamungkas, Vanida Mundiarti","doi":"10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7517","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the preparation of students in exploring lectures in the Regional Geography course in semester III B and the influence between physical preparation and non-physical preparation on students' readiness to experience lectures. The benefits of this research are knowing the reflection of student lecture preparation and the situation and sharing data with students in preparing themselves for lectures. The population in this research are students of the Geography Learning Study Program of approximately 130 students. Sampling with stratified proportional random sampling technique as many as 47 students. This research uses research trials to test the validity of the instrument. There are 28 questions. will be experimented on 20 respondents, based on the results of the validity analysis, obtained rxy for each item is greater than r. the table at n = 20 is 0.444. And the results of the reliability analysis of each instrument have a reliability coefficient greater than rtable (0.444).The results of the research prove that there is no significant effect between physical preparation on the readiness of students of the Geography Learning Department to experience lectures. This matter can be seen from the results of the Partial Test obtained t. count for preparation. sport of- 0.346 with probability. 0.731 > 0.05 which means the hypothesis. rejected. 0, 005 & lt; 0.05, which means that there is a significant effect between the preparation of the lecture module on the readiness of the Geography Study Program students to explore lectures with an efficient rate of 18.5%. The total efficient number given between physical preparation, lecture module preparation on the analysis of student readiness for lectures is 18.8% and 81.2% is influenced by other factors outside the physical preparation aspect or preparation in the lecture module.","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75716215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DAMPAK MIGRASI TERHADAP KONDISI SOSIAL EKONOMI PENDUDUK SEBAGAI PEKERJA MIGRAN INDONESIA","authors":"Yerahmeel Soinbala, Mikael Samin, Natalia Adel H. N. Mari","doi":"10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7513","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to: (1) Determine the factors driving the villagers of Nunkolo to choose migration abroad (2) Examine the impact of migration village Nunkolo the socioeconomic conditions in the village Nunkolo District of Nunkolo South Central Timor. The research was conducted in Nunkolo Village, Nunkolo District, South Central Timor Regency using qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques using interviews, documentation, and triangulation using several stages of analysis and qualitative, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results of this study indicate that the push and pull factors of a person choosing to migrate abroad as Indonesian migrant workers are due to information from previous PMIs, limited living needs in the area of ​​origin, lack of employment opportunities in the area of ​​origin, ease of job opportunities in the destination area and the size of the workforce. wages in the destination area. The existence of migration that occurred in Nunkolo Village, Nunkolo Sub-district, had a socio-economic impact in the form of the condition of the house being owned, which was the house itself with the physical condition of the permanent building. Meanwhile, the education level of children from ex-migrant families is only limited to secondary education or equivalent to high school. The type of work of former migrants after returning to their area of ​​origin is in the form of medium and low category jobs. The income earned by former migrants after migrating has increased compared to before. Family expenses also increased for food consumption such as rice, vegetables, tea, coffee, sugar, oil, kitchen spices, and others, while expenses for non-food consumption such as electricity, transportation, and paying for children's education.","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82501413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KONDISI SOSIAL EKONOMI NELAYAN SUKU BAJOE DI DESA WAIWURING KECAMATAN WITIHAMA KABUPATEN FLORES TIMUR","authors":"Patrisia Yuliana K. L. Saburi, Arfita Rahmawati, Sunimbar Sunimbar","doi":"10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7520","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to (1) Know the socio-economic conditions of Bajoe fishermen in Waiwuring Village (2) Know the empowerment program of fishermen in obtaining business capital to improve the welfare of Bajoe fishermen in Waiwuring Village (3) Know the spatial patterns of bajoe fishing communities in Waiwuring Village. This type of research is descriptive research, which is a type of research that has the aim to explain specifically a symptom, event, that occurs at the present moment or actual problems by using data in the form of quantitative data and qualitative data. The population in the study was as many as 100 heads of families. The sample size in this study was 50 heads of families. The data source consists of primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques are: questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentation. The data analysis techniques used are qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The analsisis technique of spatial patterns uses interpolation techniques. Research results: (1) socio-economic conditions of the Bajoe fishing community when viewed from net income, health, education and housing are still classified in poor or less decent communities (not yet prosperous),, (2) bajoe fishing communities still rely on their own financial capital., (3) the spatial pattern of the fishing community of the Bajoe Tribe forms a grouping pattern.","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76687140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN HOME INDUSTRY TENUN IKAT DENGAN MEMPERHATIKAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN DI DESA LAMAPAHA KECAMATAN KELUBAGOLIT KABUPATEN FLORES TIMUR","authors":"Susanti Kewa, Hamzah Wulakada, M. Hasan","doi":"10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7522","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this study are (1) to determine the types of problems in the ikat weaving industry in Lamapaha Village, (2) to identify the threat of environmental damage and pollution from the ikat weaving production process in Lamapaha Village, (3) to determine what factors hinder and support the sustainability of the ikat weaving industry. Ikat home industry in Lamapaha Village (4) to find out how the strategy is to overcome the problems of developing ikat home industry in Lamapaha Village. This research method is descriptive qualitative. The respondents in this study were ikat craftsmen in Lamapaha Village. Data analysis used in this research is descriptive qualitative and SWOT analysis. The results of this study are (1) ikat weaving is a culture whose benefits are enhanced and can then be referred to as a side business. But based on the characteristics of the weaving activity, ikat weaving can be classified as a home industry activity. (2) Home industry activities pose a threat to pollution and environmental damage, namely the felling of trees in the manufacture of tools and materials that produce chemical waste in the process of making ikat and waste that can damage the surrounding environment (3) Supporting factors are: as a culturally inherited from generation to generation, natural resources are easy to obtain, add to the family's economy, good quality, take advantage of free time. inhibiting factors: self-consumption, use of chemicals, soil pollution and damage to the surrounding ecosystem, the workforce is generally old. (4) The strategy of developing a home industry for ikat weaving by taking into account environmental friendliness in Lamapaha Village is to develop cooperation, increase socialization about environmental pollution and empower weaving groups.","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88805128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK BUDIDAYA JERUK KEPROK (CITRUS RETICULATA) BERBASIS SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFI DI KECAMATAN KUALIN KABUPATEN TIMUR TENGAH SELATAN","authors":"Stending Metboki, Mikael Samin, Arfita Rahmawati","doi":"10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35508/jgeo.v18i1.7516","url":null,"abstract":"Tangerines have become iconic in South Central Timor Regency. However, in Kualin District, production has been decreasing in the last five years. Cultivation of this plant requires special geographical factors. The role of geographic information systems can support both aspects of analysis, manipulation, and presentation. This study aims to determine the area of land class for the cultivation of tangerines in Kualin District using a geographic information system. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method. The data analysis technique used to determine land suitability is the matching method or the matching of each land characteristic. The data collection technique used in this study is to interpret remote sensing images and secondary data, then overlay them so that they provide four levels of conformity, namely very suitable (S1), suitable (S2), less suitable (S3) and not suitable (N). . The results of the study are as follows: 1. Map overlay analysis shows that most of the area has unsuitable land (S3) with an area of  121.08 km2 (59.62 %), land that is quite suitable (S2) is 87.32 km2 (40, 05 %), very unsuitable area (N) was 0.62 km2 (0.32 %) and for very suitable area (S1) it was only 0.02 km2 or 0.01% of the total area of  Kualin District.","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89744368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STUDY OF POTENTIAL LOCATIONS OF GREEN OPEN SPACE BASED ON PROCUREMENT CONVENIENCE IN WEST JAKARTA","authors":"P. A. Aryaguna, Horas Maulite Andrey Gromiko, Kartika Pratiwi","doi":"10.24114/jg.v14i1.27520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24114/jg.v14i1.27520","url":null,"abstract":"The Procurement of Public Green Open Space (RTH) in DKI Jakarta Province is carried out by the DKI Jakarta Forestry Service based on the land status of the BPN. The procurement of green open space is passive based on requests from the community. The DKI Jakarta Forestry Service data shows West Jakarta's public green open space has only fulfilled 8.8%. This study aims to assist stakeholders in the procurement of green open space in terms of ease of procurement. The ease aspect is compiled from land-use parameters, BPN land status, spatial pattern zoning, SIPPT, RTH Assets, and raw rice fields. The analysis results show that many areas included in the green zoning in West Jakarta have turned the function of land into built-up land, making it difficult for the local government to acquire land. This research found alternative lands with existing non-built land use conditions and clear land status and potential spatial pattern zoning targeted as green open space land acquisition targets. The analysis results show that from 4071 plots of land, there are 784 plots of land that are very potential with 179 ha. For potential land, there are 3234 plots of land with an area of 301 Ha and 53 plots of land classified as standard with an area of 2.4 Ha. Land with great potential can be used as a procurement priority for the relevant local government in the procurement of green open space in terms of the ease of procurement aspect.Keywords: Green Open Space, GIS, Green Open Space Potential","PeriodicalId":31787,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Geografi","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81324340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}