The American journal of clinical nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Patterns of bioelectrical impedance vector distribution by body mass index and age: implications for body-composition analysis.","authors":"Anja Bosy-Westphal,&nbsp;Sandra Danielzik,&nbsp;Ralf-Peter Dörhöfer,&nbsp;Antonio Piccoli,&nbsp;Manfred J Müller","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.60","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) gives resistance (R) and reactance (Xc). R and Xc normalized for body height (H) can be plotted as a bivariate vector (H(2)/Xc versus H(2)/R). Vector BIA is useful for studying the determinants of BIA results.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated the effect of age on BIA results and its relevance to body-composition analysis in a large database of impedance vector distributions stratified by age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Mean bivariate vector distribution patterns (95% confidence ellipses) were examined in a German population of 15605 children and adolescents and 213294 adults. Children and adolescents were divided into 3 age groups with up to 5 BMI categories. In adults, 5 BMI categories were stratified into 7 age groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean impedance vectors were shorter in children than in adults. The vector distribution pattern was influenced by sex, BMI, and age, with shorter vectors in females than in males and longer vectors with increasing BMI. Consistent with a decrease in body cell mass with increasing age, there was a downward slope in the mean vector with age as a result of a decrease in the H(2)/Xc vector component. By contrast, there was no age-dependent increase in the H(2)/R vector component. In women of the same BMI at different ages, H(2)/R and percentage fat mass tended to decrease with age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The lack of an age-dependent increase in the H(2)/R vector component renders conventional BIA unsuitable for an examination of the age-related increase in body fat mass. By contrast, the increase in the H(2)/Xc vector component with advancing age suggests the potential of BIA to depict the age-related decrease in body cell mass.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"60-8"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.60","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25176098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postprandial response to a physiologic caloric load in HIV-positive patients receiving protease inhibitor-based or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy.","authors":"Asha Thomas-Geevarghese,&nbsp;Subhashree Raghavan,&nbsp;Robert Minolfo,&nbsp;Steve Holleran,&nbsp;Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan,&nbsp;Bernard Ormsby,&nbsp;Wahida Karmally,&nbsp;Henry N Ginsberg,&nbsp;Wafaa M El-Sadr,&nbsp;Jeanine Albu,&nbsp;Lars Berglund","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Features of the dyslipidemic pattern reported with the use of antiretroviral therapy predict enhanced postprandial lipemia, which is an emerging cardiovascular disease risk factor.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We evaluated the postprandial response to a physiologic, meal-based challenge in HIV-positive subjects without hyperlipidemia.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We measured hourly lipid, lipoprotein, glucose, and insulin concentrations during a 13-h period in 25 nonwhite patients (13 women, 12 men): 13 receiving a protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen (6 nelfinavir and 7 indinavir) and 12 receiving a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen (6 efavirenz and 6 nevirapine).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean fasting HDL-cholesterol concentrations were lower in HIV patients than in healthy subjects without HIV infection matched for age, sex, and ethnicity (z score: -0.81 +/- 0.9; P = 0.0001). Fasting triacylglycerol concentrations were not significantly different between HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects but were higher in PI-treated than in NNRTI-treated patients [median (interquartile range): 144 (110-191) and 89 (62-135) mg/dL; P = 0.007]. Average daylong triacylglycerol concentrations, but not incremental concentrations, were higher in the PI group than in the NNRTI group [205% (185-248%) and 125% (78-191%); P < 0.05]. For all HIV-positive patients, the fractional triacylglycerol increase was lower after breakfast than after lunch (20 +/- 18% and 42 +/- 40%, respectively; P < 0.04). Insulin concentrations were higher in PI-treated than in NNRTI-treated patients [22.6 (13.1-29.8) and 11.8 (7.1-19.1) microU/mL; P = 0.01] and increased in both groups in response to each meal, whereas glucose concentrations increased only after breakfast.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite baseline differences, incremental triacylglycerol and insulin responses to a physiologic caloric load among HIV-positive patients were not significantly affected by differences in the type of antiretroviral therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"146-54"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25175476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ala54Thr polymorphism of the fatty acid-binding protein 2 gene is associated with a change in insulin sensitivity after a change in the type of dietary fat.","authors":"Carmen Marín,&nbsp;Francisco Pérez-Jiménez,&nbsp;Purificación Gómez,&nbsp;Javier Delgado,&nbsp;Juan Antonio Paniagua,&nbsp;Aquiles Lozano,&nbsp;Begoña Cortés,&nbsp;Yolanda Jiménez-Gómez,&nbsp;María José Gómez,&nbsp;José López-Miranda","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Insulin resistance, a condition associated with type 2 diabetes, results from the interaction of environmental and genetic factors.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined the influence of the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) Ala54Thr polymorphism on insulin sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Fifty-nine healthy young subjects (28 were Ala54/Ala54, 27 were Ala54/Thr54, and 4 were Thr54/Thr54) completed 3 diets, each of which lasted 4 wk. The first diet, which all subjects consumed, was a high-saturated fatty acid (SFA) diet (38% of energy as fat and 20% of energy as SFAs). The second and third diets were administered according to a randomized crossover design, and they consisted of a low-fat and high-carbohydrate diet (CHO diet; 28% of energy from fat and <10% of energy from SFAs) and a high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet (called the Mediterranean diet; 38% of energy from fat and 22% of energy from MUFAs). All food and drinks were prepared and provided in the research kitchen. We determined in vivo insulin resistance by using the insulin suppression test with somatostatin.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Steady state plasma glucose concentrations were significantly higher in Ala54Thr subjects after the SFA diet than after the CHO diet or the Mediterranean diet. The plasma free fatty acid concentrations in these subjects were significantly lower after the CHO and Mediterranean diets than after the SFA diet. However, no significant differences between the 3 diets were observed in the Ala54 allele homozygotes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Insulin sensitivity decreased in subjects with the Thr54 allele of the FABP2 polymorphism when SFAs were replaced by MUFAs and carbohydrates.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"196-200"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25177087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency and low dietary folate lead to adverse reproductive outcomes and congenital heart defects in mice.","authors":"Deqiang Li,&nbsp;Laura Pickell,&nbsp;Ying Liu,&nbsp;Qing Wu,&nbsp;Jeffrey S Cohn,&nbsp;Rima Rozen","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Genetic or nutritional disturbances in folate metabolism may affect embryonic development because of the critical role of folate in nucleotide synthesis and methylation reactions. The possible role of a mild deficiency in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and low dietary folate in pregnancy outcomes and heart morphogenesis requires further investigation.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated the effect of mild MTHFR deficiency, low dietary folate, or both on resorption rates, on length and weight, and on the incidence of heart malformations in murine embryos.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Female Mthfr +/+ and +/- mice were fed a control diet (CD) or a folic acid-deficient diet (FADD) before mating with male Mthfr +/- mice. On gestational day 14.5, implantation and resorption sites were recorded and viable embryos were examined for gross malformations, growth delay, and congenital heart defects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Plasma homocysteine in Mthfr +/- dams and in FADD-treated dams was significantly higher than that in Mthfr +/+ dams and CD-treated dams, respectively. A significantly higher rate of resorption and greater developmental delay were observed in hyperhomocysteinemic mice than in CD-treated +/+ dams. Heart defects were identified in 4 of 11, 5 of 10, and 4 of 10 litters from CD-treated +/-, FADD-treated +/+, and FADD-treated +/- dams, respectively, but not in any of those from CD-treated +/+ dams (0/11 litters).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that mild MTHFR deficiency, low dietary folate, or both in the dams increase the incidence of fetal loss, intrauterine growth retardation, and heart defects. These data support the benefit of folic acid supplementation in pregnant women, particularly in those with MTHFR deficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"188-95"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25177086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A follow-up study of nutrient intake, nutritional status, and growth in infants with cow milk allergy fed either a soy formula or an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula.","authors":"Leena Seppo,&nbsp;Riitta Korpela,&nbsp;Bo Lönnerdal,&nbsp;Leena Metsäniitty,&nbsp;Kaisu Juntunen-Backman,&nbsp;Timo Klemola,&nbsp;Aila Paganus,&nbsp;Timo Vanto","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infants with cow milk allergy (CMA) are reported to have reduced growth and special nutritional needs.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the present study was to compare nutrient intake, nutritional status, and growth in infants with CMA who were fed either a soy formula or an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The study group comprised 168 double-blind challenge-proven infants with CMA. Eighty-four of the infants were fed a soy formula (mean starting age: 7.8 mo), and the other 84 infants were fed an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula (mean starting age: 7.5 mo).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The length (SD score) of the infants was close to the mean Finnish reference growth by age 2 y in both groups. Weight-for-length measurements continued to reach the 50th percentile by age 4 y in both study groups. The mean nutrient intake followed the recommended intake in both groups, although most of the infants were supplemented with calcium and vitamin D. The observed serum transferrin receptor concentrations indicated a greater iron inadequacy in the tissue of infants in the soy formula group than in the hydrolyzed whey formula group (P = 0.08). However, there were no significant differences between the groups either in the percentages of abnormally low laboratory values (mean cell volume, hemoglobin, zinc, and ferritin) or in the percentages of high alkaline phosphatase activity, which indicates the comparable safety and effectiveness of the formulas studied.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both nutritional status and growth were well within reference values in the 2 groups, and the selection of a formula can largely be made on the basis of infant tolerance to the formulas.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"140-5"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25175475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical indexes of the B vitamins in cord serum are predicted by maternal B vitamin status.","authors":"Rima Obeid,&nbsp;Winfried Munz,&nbsp;Monika Jäger,&nbsp;Werner Schmidt,&nbsp;Wolfgang Herrmann","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The concentration of total homocysteine (tHcy) is higher in newborns than in older children. Vitamin B-12 is the major determinant of tHcy in newborns. Maternal status of folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 during pregnancy may affect the biochemical markers of these micronutrients in newborns.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our objective was to study the relation between concentrations of the metabolites and B vitamins in maternal sera and concentrations in the umbilical venous blood of the corresponding newborns.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We studied healthy pregnant women at the time of labor who were expecting healthy, full-term, appropriate-birth-weight babies. Samples were available from 82 mother-infant pairs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Concentrations of B vitamins were higher in cord samples than in maternal blood (folate, 2-fold; vitamin B-12, 1.5-fold; and vitamin B-6, 6-fold). Concentrations of cystathionine and methylmalonic acid (MMA) were also higher in the infants than in the mothers (x +/- SD: cystathionine, 462 +/- 189 and 343 +/- 143 nmol/L; MMA, 353 +/- 144 and 233 +/- 110 nmol/L). No significant differences in tHcy concentrations were observed between fetal and maternal samples. Concentrations of vitamin B-12 did not differ significantly between mothers of infants from different quartiles of cord MMA. Higher fetal MMA concentrations were related to higher maternal MMA and vitamin B-12 concentrations and lower fetal concentrations of vitamin B-12. Fetal concentrations of cystathionine were predicted by maternal cystathionine, gestational age, fetal vitamin B-6, and fetal tHcy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Maternal concentrations of the metabolic markers of B vitamins predict values in fetal blood at delivery. Fetal tHcy concentrations were low but were predicted by the vitamin status of the mother. The effect of increasing maternal intake of vitamins B-12 and B-6 during pregnancy on the fetal concentrations of the metabolites should be investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"133-9"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25175474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resting metabolic rate is an important predictor of serum adiponectin concentrations: potential implications for obesity-related disorders.","authors":"Johannes B Ruige,&nbsp;Dominique P Ballaux,&nbsp;Tohru Funahashi,&nbsp;Ilse L Mertens,&nbsp;Yuji Matsuzawa,&nbsp;Luc F Van Gaal","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Little is known about the regulation of adiponectin. Animal studies suggest local regulation by adipocytokines or alterations in energy expenditure, and studies in humans suggest regulation by alcohol intake and ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify regulators of adiponectin in humans, we measured resting metabolic rate (RMR), serum adiponectin, glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, alcohol intake, and anthropometric indexes in 457 white patients with overweight or obesity.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A cross-sectional design was used, and multivariate regression analysis was performed with adiponectin as the dependent variable and potential predictors as independent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Simple linear analyses showed significant associations between adiponectin and sex, with a standardized coefficient of -0.38 (women compared with men) and an explanation of variation of the model (R(2)) of 14%; age (0.21; 4%); RMR (-0.52; 27%); fat-free mass (-0.40; 16%); fat mass (-0.16; 2%); visceral fat (-0.24; 6%; computed tomography at L4-L5); fasting triacylglycerol (-0.28; 8%); and insulin resistance (-0.38; 14%; homeostasis model assessment). Adiponectin and alcohol were not associated (-0.04; 0%). Multivariate analyses, which allowed adjustment for confounding, showed that RMR is the most important predictor of adiponectin (-0.31; 29%), followed successively by insulin resistance (-0.16; 31%; model containing RMR and insulin resistance), fat mass (0.20; 34%), age (0.34; 35%), visceral fat (-0.34; 40%), and fasting triacylglycerol (-0.12, 41%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Low resting metabolism (RMR) is associated with high serum adiponectin. We speculate that subjects with low RMR, who are theoretically at greater risk of obesity-related disorders, are especially protected by adiponectin.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"21-5"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.21","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25175549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc absorption and kinetics during pregnancy and lactation in Brazilian women.","authors":"Carmen M Donangelo,&nbsp;Carmiña L Vargas Zapata,&nbsp;Leslie R Woodhouse,&nbsp;David M Shames,&nbsp;Ratna Mukherjea,&nbsp;Janet C King","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adjustments in zinc absorption and endogenous excretion maintain zinc homeostasis in nonpregnant adults fed low-zinc diets. The effects on zinc homeostasis of a low zinc intake during pregnancy and lactation have not been described in a longitudinal study.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined longitudinal changes in fractional zinc absorption (FZA) and zinc kinetics in 10 healthy Brazilian women who habitually consumed a marginal zinc diet ( approximately 9 mg Zn/d).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Zinc status was measured at 10-12 (early pregnancy; EP) and 34-36 (late pregnancy; LP) wk of pregnancy and at 7-8 wk after delivery (early lactation; EL). Zinc kinetics and FZA were studied by using stable isotopic tracers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Zinc intake averaged 9 +/- 3 mg/d throughout the study. FZA increased from 29 +/- 6% at EP to 43 +/- 10% at LP and to 39 +/- 13% at EL (P < 0.05). FZA was inversely related to plasma zinc at EL (r = -0.73, P = 0.02) and LP (r = -0.72, P = 0.07). Plasma zinc mass was 23% greater at LP than at EP or EL (P < 0.05). The amount of zinc (mg/d) that fluxed between plasma and the most-rapidly-turning-over extravascular pool was 53% greater at LP than at EP or EL (P < 0.05). The zinc flux between plasma and the less-rapidly-turning-over zinc pool at EL was 27% greater than that at EP or LP, but this difference was not significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FZA increased significantly in women with marginal zinc intakes during pregnancy and lactation; the increase was higher in women with low plasma zinc. Plasma zinc was distributed into a different exchangeable pool at LP than at EL.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"118-24"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25175472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men.","authors":"Margreet R Olthof,&nbsp;Elizabeth J Brink,&nbsp;Martijn B Katan,&nbsp;Petra Verhoef","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A high homocysteine concentration is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease that can be reduced through betaine supplementation. Choline is the precursor for betaine, but the effects of choline supplementation on plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in healthy humans are unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective was to investigate whether supplementation with phosphatidylcholine, the form in which choline occurs in foods, reduces fasting and postmethionine-loading concentrations of plasma tHcy in healthy men with mildly elevated plasma tHcy concentrations.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>In a crossover study, 26 men ingested approximately 2.6 g choline/d (as phosphatidylcholine) or a placebo oil mixture for 2 wk in random order. Fatty acid composition and fat content were similar for both treatments. A methionine-loading test was performed on the first and last days of each supplementation period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phosphatidylcholine supplementation for 2 wk decreased mean fasting plasma tHcy by 18% (-3.0 micromol/L; 95% CI: -3.9, -2.1 micromol/L). On the first day of supplementation, a single dose of phosphatidylcholine containing 1.5 g choline reduced the postmethionine-loading increase in tHcy by 15% (-4.8 micromol/L; 95% CI: -6.8, -2.8 micromol/L). Phosphatidylcholine supplementation for 2 wk reduced the postmethionine-loading increase in tHcy by 29% (-9.2 micromol/L; 95% CI: -11.3, -7.2 micromol/L). All changes were relative to placebo.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A high daily dose of choline, supplemented as phosphatidylcholine, lowers fasting as well as postmethionine-loading plasma tHcy concentrations in healthy men with mildly elevated tHcy concentrations. If high homocysteine concentrations indeed cause cardiovascular disease, choline intake may reduce cardiovascular disease risk in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"111-7"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25175471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-ingestion of a protein hydrolysate and amino acid mixture with carbohydrate improves plasma glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Ralph J F Manders,&nbsp;Anton J M Wagenmakers,&nbsp;René Koopman,&nbsp;Antoine H G Zorenc,&nbsp;Paul P C A Menheere,&nbsp;Nicolaas C Schaper,&nbsp;Wim H M Saris,&nbsp;Luc J C van Loon","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.76","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although insulin secretion after carbohydrate ingestion is severely impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes, amino acid and protein co-ingestion can substantially increase plasma insulin responses.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated insulin responses and the subsequent plasma glucose disposal rates after the ingestion of carbohydrate alone (CHO) or with a protein hydrolysate and amino acid mixture (CHO+PRO) in patients with a long-term diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Ten type 2 diabetic patients [mean (+/-SEM) age: 62 +/- 2 y; body mass index (kg/m(2)): 27 +/- 1] and 9 healthy control subjects (age: 58 +/- 1 y; body mass index: 27 +/- 1) participated in 2 trials in which the plasma insulin response was measured after the ingestion of 0.7 g carbohydrate . kg(-1) . h(-1) with or without 0.35 g . kg(-1) . h(-1) of a mixture that contained a protein hydrolysate, leucine, and phenylalanine. Continuous infusions with [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose were then given to investigate plasma glucose disposal.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Plasma insulin responses were higher by 299 +/- 64% and 132 +/- 63% in the CHO+PRO trial than in the CHO trial in the diabetic patients and the matched control subjects, respectively (P < 0.001). The subsequent plasma glucose responses were reduced by 28 +/- 6% and 33 +/- 3% in the CHO+PRO trial than in the CHO trial in the diabetic patients and the matched control subjects, respectively (P < 0.001). The reduced plasma glucose response in the diabetic patients was attributed to a 13 +/- 3% increase in glucose disposal (P < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combined ingestion of carbohydrate with a protein hydrolysate and amino acid mixture significantly increases de novo insulin production in patients with a long-term diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. The increased insulin response stimulates plasma glucose disposal and reduces postprandial glucose concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"76-83"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.76","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25176100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}