{"title":"Representation","authors":"S. Shaver","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 presents the motif of representation: the idea that the eucharistic bread and wine are symbols (or signs, figures, antitypes, etc.) of the body and blood of Christ. Using a definition of symbol as a blend involving a “material anchor” (Edwin Hutchins), the author argues that “The bread is the symbol of the body of Christ” is not, as some Swiss Reformers believed, a literal equivalent for the figurative “The bread is the body of Christ.” Rather, it is a prompt for a more complex (“Y-squared”) blending network. In this blend a vital relation of Representation is created between bread and the body of Christ. The Representation relation can coexist with Identity, Change, and other vital relations. Thus, the identity and representation motifs are not mutually exclusive but complementary.","PeriodicalId":314859,"journal":{"name":"Metaphors of Eucharistic Presence","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132876702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bringing the Repertoire Together","authors":"S. Shaver","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter assembles the complete repertoire of proposed motifs—identity, representation, change, containment, and conduit—together with verbal affirmations for each. Summarizing conclusions from previous chapters, it describes each motif’s respective cognitive underpinnings and its distinctive entailments. It also proposes that divisions over practices such as the appropriate disposal of consecrated elements and the legitimacy of reservation and adoration have arisen from differences in these entailments and that a multiply metaphorical approach can help churches practice mutual forbearance and respect. Multiply metaphorical thinking provides access to otherwise inaccessible truths. No metaphor is the whole truth, and each unique, irreplaceable metaphor needs to be complemented and counterbalanced by others.","PeriodicalId":314859,"journal":{"name":"Metaphors of Eucharistic Presence","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128877163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conceptual Blending and Two Ways of Feeding on Jesus","authors":"S. Shaver","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 3 continues the introduction to cognitive linguistics begun in Chapter 2 by exploring conceptual blending, a second-generation development within the field. It presents two strands of Christian piety related to eating and drinking, one based on the eucharistic elements and the other on feeding spiritually on Jesus through scripture and prayer. The author traces these pieties to two scriptural blends of opposite metaphoric directionality, BREAD IS JESUS and JESUS IS BREAD—or, more precisely, THIS LOAF AND WINE ARE JESUS’S BODY AND BLOOD and JESUS’S FLESH AND BLOOD ARE HEAVENLY LIFE-GIVING BREAD AND DRINK. The former arises from the Synoptic and Pauline institution narratives and supports the idea of sacramental communion; the latter arises from John 6 and supports spiritual communion. Both blends are analyzed in detail. The author writes that all Christians can accept Johannine spiritual communion but that an ecumenical divide remains regarding the Synoptic/Pauline blend.","PeriodicalId":314859,"journal":{"name":"Metaphors of Eucharistic Presence","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133121038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metaphor, Embodied Realism, and Sacramental Truth","authors":"S. Shaver","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter and the next provide an introduction to the field of cognitive linguistics. This chapter focuses on core concepts including conceptual metaphor, metonymy, polysemy, and prototype theory (conceptual blending is explored in Chapter 3). Based on this overview, the author argues that language “means” not through referential correspondence to objective, observer-independent reality but by prompting for embodied simulation on the part of hearers and readers. Language, then, is true insofar as these simulations are apt to reality as experienced by embodied human beings. The chapter proposes that this epistemological perspective of “embodied realism” is congruent with the critical realism endorsed by many recent theologians and with a sacramental worldview in which the material world can be the arena for God’s self-communication.","PeriodicalId":314859,"journal":{"name":"Metaphors of Eucharistic Presence","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116889489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Containment","authors":"S. Shaver","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The second of three chapters exploring spatial imagery, Chapter 8 explores the motif of containment—the idea that Christ’s body and blood are “in” or “under” the bread and wine. The CONTAINER image schema has two significant entailments for eucharistic presence: transitivity (if A is in B and B is in C, A is in C) and concealment (something inside an opaque container cannot be seen). Transitivity enables Christians who take the eucharistic elements into their bodies to understand Jesus in turn to be inside them. Concealment facilitates reflection on the fact that the body and blood of Christ are not accessible to the senses. Roman Catholic and Lutheran traditions make significant use of containment imagery; Reformed and Eastern Orthodox traditions have been reticent but have been willing to use it on occasion. The chapter also gives specific attention to transubstantiation as a special combination of change and containment motifs.","PeriodicalId":314859,"journal":{"name":"Metaphors of Eucharistic Presence","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126432915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Change","authors":"S. Shaver","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first of three chapters exploring motifs based on spatial imagery. It argues that much Christian language about eucharistic presence is based on the primary metaphor CHANGE IS MOTION (and, to lesser extents, CHANGING IS BEING MADE and CHANGING IS BEING BORN). Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions rely heavily on change imagery, while Lutheran and Reformed traditions have been cautious about its use partly because of an insistence that the eucharistic elements remain bread and wine. The chapter argues that the change motif should form part of a multiply metaphorical ecumenical theology of eucharistic presence and that there are resources in Lutheran and Reformed traditions that can facilitate its acceptance. It also argues that high-sacramental traditions in turn should be willing to affirm that the consecrated elements are bread and wine—though not ordinary bread and wine.","PeriodicalId":314859,"journal":{"name":"Metaphors of Eucharistic Presence","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127504674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identity","authors":"S. Shaver","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197580806.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the divide between Christian traditions that understand “this is my body” as true in the proper sense (what George Hunsinger calls “real predication”) and those that do not. It traces the development of this divide to the Western eucharistic controversies of the sixteenth century. The author argues that both Roman Catholics and Lutherans (on one side) and Swiss Reformers and the Radical Reformation (on the other) shared an assumption that language must be either literal or figurative, with only the former adequate for proper truth claims. The author also analyzes the eucharistic controversy between Luther, who understood “is” as an example of literal predication, and Zwingli, who saw it as a rhetorical trope and thus not properly true. The chapter concludes by arguing that a cognitive understanding of language can transcend this dichotomy since figurative language can indeed be capable of proper truth claims.","PeriodicalId":314859,"journal":{"name":"Metaphors of Eucharistic Presence","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123141094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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