SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Implementing the Precautionary Principle in Urban Pest Management: The Quebec Experience","authors":"D. Talbot","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2501383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2501383","url":null,"abstract":"In Canada, the regulation of pesticides is a jurisdiction shared between federal, provincial and municipal governments. In Quebec, the sale of household insecticides increased by almost 600% between 1970 and 1990. The government adopted a code in April 2003 respecting pesticide management in urban environments. This article focuses on the factors that influenced policy-makers when adopting these green regulations. The data were gathered during a four-month observation period at the Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks. More than 200 documents were analyzed and four key individuals were interviewed. In Quebec, pesticide management in urban settings represents a case in which decision-making was largely based on the precautionary principle. Thus, the potentially harmful effects of pesticides on human health and the environment took precedence over impacts on the economy. A number of pesticide manufacturers recently launched a challenge to these regulations, basing their claims on the free trade rules set out under chapter 11 of NAFTA. Nevertheless, other Canadian provinces have decided to adopt legislation governing the use of pesticides for aesthetic purposes.","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134266255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downside vs. Symmetric Risk in Conservation Portfolio Design to Manage Climate-Change Uncertainty","authors":"Payal Shah, Amy W. Ando","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2087642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2087642","url":null,"abstract":"Recent work uses mean-variance portfolio theory to identify optimal spatial conservation planning in the face of spatial variation in future benefits from uncertainty in climate change. Use of variance to measure risk may lead to inefficient portfolio allocation decisions when returns do not follow a multivariate normal distribution or when conservation agents are loss averse. In this paper, we use downside risk measures to evaluate the risk-reward tradeoffs involved in optimal conservation planning and compare the results against the standard mean-variance approach to identify the significant differences in optimal portfolio allocation strategies based on the measure of risk used. We use a case study of the current and potential future status of 147 bird species in the eastern United States to illustrate the difference in the optimal spatial targeting of bird conservation activity in this region subject to uncertain climate scenarios. We find that when returns are multivariate normal, the use of either risk measure arrives at identical portfolio allocation strategies. However, if the returns are not jointly normal, the choice of risk measure significantly alters the portfolio allocation decisions and also changes the risk-return profile.","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129616601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Knowledge: A New Challenge in Patents","authors":"Tabrez Ahmad, Jaya Godhwani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1981642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1981642","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional knowledge has always been an easily available treasure and thus has been subjected to misappropriation. Intellectual Property Rights are one of the sites which represent the encounter between indigenous knowledge and modern scientific knowledge. The researchers in this paper try to highlight that TRIPS does not acknowledge traditional knowledge and neither has it made reference to the protection. TRIPS agreement provides for sui generis system and the part of the rationale behind the sui generis provision is that the claims of indigenous knowledge holders are based on completely different socio cultural norms, therefore, a system that is unique and rooted in local specificities should be used for the protection of indigenous knowledge. The problem of sui generis model is lack of proper system of benefit sharing and inclusion of traditional knowledge as in IP instruments of TRIPS. Possession is the most important basis to claim for IPR protection, thus the paper tries to portray that Traditional Knowledge is common knowledge and a product of collective experience without an individual act of creation; therefore it gets precluded from getting protection under IPR regimes. This paper brings to light the grant of patents on non-original innovations, which are based on what is already a part of the traditional knowledge of the developing world have been causing a great concern to the developing world. It further talks about the real challenge to Patent by Traditional knowledge are lack of complete data bases and availability to all the patent offices in the world. Another prime reason which the researchers think why Traditional knowledge is facing challenges in the patent as the locus of ownership cannot be clearly identified for knowledge systems that are essentially inter generational and products of communal endeavor. Traditional knowledge often falls short of requirement of non obvious or novel as it is often orally transmitted evolves gradually the prime ambit on being to respond to changing ecology and needs. These barriers have kept the traditional societies outside the ‘loop’ of the Patent protection. The researchers further in this paper intend to highlight the steps taken by Indian Government to curb the menace of biopiracy and biomedicines.","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"384 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123352668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Capital and the Willingness to Pay for Environmental Goods in African Countries","authors":"Urbain Thierry Yogo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1950536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1950536","url":null,"abstract":"There are several studies investigating the willingness to pay (wtp) for environmental goods. Most of these studies highlight the fact that the relationship between the WTP for environmental good and the GDP per capita is an inverted U shaped one. In other words, the low income countries, specifically Africa countries exhibit a low or weak WTP. However, these studies have neglected the influence of social capital. In fact social capital can positively affect the WTP through two main channels, namely information effect and peer effect. Thus, even in low income countries, the WTP for environmental goods can be very high. Thus, the contribution of this paper is twofold. First, using five waves of the World Value Survey (1981-2007) and mobilizing ordered Logit specifications, we explore the effects of social capital on the WTP for environmental preservation in thirteen African countries. Second, unlike most studies in the social capital literature, we deal with the plausible endogeneity of social capital using instrumental variable approach. Then after factoring in the endogeneity of social capital, results suggest that social capital positively and significantly affects the WTP for environment preservation in African countries. This suggests that government should promote civil associations enable to convey reliable and useful information about environment issues and stimulate peer effects among their members.","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"297 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115924354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Income Distribution on the Environmental Kuznets Curve","authors":"B. Qu, Yifan Zhang","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-0106.2011.00552.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2011.00552.x","url":null,"abstract":"This paper augments the model of Andreoni and Levinson by analyzing the effect of income distribution on the inverted U‐shaped relationship between some forms of pollution and income, the so‐called ‘environmental Kuznets curve’. In a context in which pollution abatement technology shows increasing returns to scale and an inverse U‐shaped pollution–income path is present, this study demonstrates the existence of a majority voting equilibrium, and concludes that the inverted U‐shaped relationship is between median income and environmental degradation rather than between per capita income and environmental degradation. Our results suggest that an increase in equality in income distribution improves environmental quality and social efficiency. The implication of the model for the empirical estimation of environmental Kuznets curves is examined using a panel data set of 36 countries over a 20‐year period. Estimation results using different models show that income distribution might be an important factor in the empirical estimation of these curves.","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121186703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing European Instruments for Marine Nature Conservation: The OSPAR Convention, the Bern Convention, the Birds and Habitats Directives, and the Added Value of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive","authors":"A. Trouwborst, Harm Dotinga","doi":"10.54648/eelr2011013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54648/eelr2011013","url":null,"abstract":"This article performs a comparative analysis of five major legal instruments for (marine) nature conservation in Europe, namely the 1979 Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, the 1979 EU Wild Birds Directive, the 1992 EU Habitats Directive, the 1992 OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, and the 2008 EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Through this analysis, an answer is provided to the question what the recently added MSFD contributes to the pre-existing legal framework in the field of marine nature conservation. To provide the necessary focus, the analysis is carried out from the perspective of one marine subregion, the North Sea, although many elements of it are ostensibly of wider relevance. The article systematically explores the potential added value of the MSFD with regard to marine protected areas (MPAs) and other types of nature conservation measures. It concludes that the MSFD apparently contributes both substance and legal teeth to the legal framework for the protection, management and restoration of marine species, habitats and ecosystems in Europe.","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127852352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneously Waste and Wasted Opportunity: The Inequality of Federal Tax Incentives for Conservation Easement Donations","authors":"Elliot M. Wolf","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1872553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1872553","url":null,"abstract":"In 2008, 3,095 taxpayers donated 3,158 conservation easements to non-profit organizations worth an aggregate $1.17 billion. For their generosity, these taxpayers have received and will receive myriad tax benefits, including federal income tax deductions for up to the full value of their easements, estate tax benefits for the amount their donations lowered the taxable values of their estates, and numerous other federal exemptions. Depending on where they reside, donors may also receive state income and property tax benefits. This note examines the relationship between the peculiar financial circumstances of an easement donor (namely her income and wealth) and the ultimate value of her tax benefits. Consistent with deductions and exemptions generally, across two donors of identical easements, the Internal Revenue Code provides a greater aggregate subsidy to the donor with higher taxable income and the higher taxable estate. Unlike other deductions and exemptions, however, the differential far exceeds the difference in federal income tax brackets. For the “wealthiest” of donors, the aggregate subsidy approaches, if not exceeds, the full fair market value of the donated easement. For a donor with relatively little taxable income and no estate tax liability, however, the subsidy amounts to small fraction of the value of her easement. Using studies of subjective preferences for non-use environmental goods (which establish that individuals’ interest in conservation does not decrease with their income or wealth), I argue that it is inefficient to grant larger incentives to wealthier donors of conservation easements than to poorer donors. I propose granting all donors a tax benefit worth a fixed percentage of the value of their donation and outline specific changes to the Internal Revenue Code that would bring about this change. I further argue that such a change is a prerequisite to the reform of the methodology for valuing conservation easements. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of equalizing incentives for the United States’ response to climate change.","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116185942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Crisis that Never Came: The Decline of the European Antarctic Whaling Industry in the 1950s and 60s","authors":"B. Basberg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1855587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1855587","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyzes the decline and final close down of the European Antarctic whaling industry in the 1950s and 60s. This industry had been led by British and Norwegian companies, which were now challenged by Japan and Soviet Union that completely took over Antarctic whaling for the next decades. The decline most severely affected Norway where the whaling industry was relatively more important than in any other country. The decline was also disproportionally felt in Norway because the country provided crew and equipment to many foreign whaling companies. The paper will therefore have a special focus on the Norwegian industry and how the challenges were faced there. The analysis reveals that the decline did not develop into a crisis for the companies involved or in the wider economy. One main explanation was that business cycles in shipping and in the general economy were very favorable during the years when the whaling industry was wound up.","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125113418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation & Exploitation: Governance and Sustainability Issues in Lijiang Cases","authors":"Luca Zan, W. Tao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1745342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1745342","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is based on a field research on the management of Unesco “World Heritage” sites in China (Wang & Zan, 2010). The aim was investigating the impacts of getting listed for individual Chinese sites: what the changes on professional aspects (conservation and presentation first of all); in term of visitors (numbers, profile, behaviours); in economic terms (investment costs for fulfilling the procedure and coping with standards; additional revenue and costs after being listed); and more in general in terms of ‘pros/cons.’","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124532344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Global Recession on Sustainable Development and Poverty Linkages","authors":"V. Anbumozhi, Armin Bauer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1653700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1653700","url":null,"abstract":"The global financial crisis and the resulting economic slowdown may be assumed to have at least the benefit of also reducing environmental degradation in the individual countries. This paper discusses the consequences of the crisis for energy use, pollution prevention, and land use in Asia and the associated emissions of greenhouse gases-the principal global warming pollutants-as well as their linkage with poverty. There are some short-term benefits to the global environment from the economic slowdown. Such benefits include reduction in the rate of air and water pollution from reduced energy use-which has direct implications for the urban poor's health. However, modest benefits to global and local environments arising from the economic slowdown are likely to be much smaller than the costs associated with many environmental conservation measures, related to energy savings, natural resources protection, and water environment. Both supply and demand side investments in energy and environment are being affected. Many ongoing projects are being slowed and a number of downward revisions are being made in expected profitability. Meanwhile, businesses and households are spending less on energy efficiency measures. Tighter credit and lower prices make investment in energy savings and environmental conservation less attractive financially, while the economic crisis is encouraging end users to rein in spending across the board. This is delaying the deployment of more efficient technology and equipment. Furthermore, solution providers are expected to reduce investment in research, development, and commercialization of more energy-efficient models, unless they are able to secure financial support from governments. The economic slowdown is likely to alter land use patterns by increasing the pressure to clear forests for firewood, timber, or agricultural purposes-the livelihood opportunities available with the rural poor. Further, the likely additional delay in many countries in the construction of effluent treatment plans for limiting the discharge of pollutants into the rivers is expected to harm the water environment. Thus on balance, the modest benefits to global and local environments arising from the economic slowdown are likely to be much smaller than the costs of many environmental conservation measures for improving the livelihood conditions of the poor. Natural resources and ecosystem services provided by the environment are essential to support economic growth and better livelihood conditions of the poor. Inaction on key environmental challenges, such as climate change, could lead to severe economic consequences in the future. These concerns justify government action to support investment in green growth measures, promoting direct investment or fiscal incentives for energy efficiency and clean environment low-carbon technologies. But much more needs to be done. The investment needed to put national economies in low-carbon green growth pathways far ex","PeriodicalId":314145,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Restoration & Conservation (Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130883270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}