{"title":"Responsive pillar[n]arene materials","authors":"De‐Hui Tuo, Tan‐Hao Shi, S. Ohtani, Tomoki Ogoshi","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230024","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent materials with responsive behaviors toward external stimuli, such as light, temperature, pH, redox, and solvent have been increasingly fascinating. Reversible noncovalent interactions provide an efficient way to construct stimuli‐responsive materials. Macrocyclic compounds, such as cyclodextrins, cucurbit[n]urils, calix[n]arenes, crown ethers, and related macrocycles, are useful skeletons for constructing such materials through host–guest interactions. Pillar[n]arenes are pillar‐shaped macrocyclic hosts developed by our groups in 2008, in which the repeated 1,4‐dialkoxybenzene units are connected by methylene bridges at the para position. The versatile functionality, easy modification, excellent size‐dependent host–guest complexation, and adjustable electron density of the cavity endow pillar[n]arenes with excellent properties compared with other cyclic host molecules. Moreover, the unique planar chirality and chirality inversion generated by unit rotation make pillar[n]arenes ideal platforms for investigating chirality inversion, induction, and transformation. In this review, we describe stimuli‐responsive topological, optical, chiroptical, supramolecular assemblies, and solid‐state materials based on the host–guest complexation and structural regulation of pillar[n]arenes.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139138880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaoshuai Ma, Pan Xue, Yuqi Tang, Ran Bi, Xinhua Xu, Ling Wang, Quan Li
{"title":"Responsive soft actuators with MXene nanomaterials","authors":"Shaoshuai Ma, Pan Xue, Yuqi Tang, Ran Bi, Xinhua Xu, Ling Wang, Quan Li","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230026","url":null,"abstract":"Compared with traditional rigid actuators, soft actuators exhibit a large number of advantages, including enhanced flexibility, reconfigurability, and adaptability, which motivate us to develop artificial soft actuators with widespread applications. Soft actuators with MXene nanomaterials are regarded as highly promising candidates for advancing the development of bioinspired soft robotics as a consequence of their unprecedented physicochemical characteristics, such as high electronic conductivity, thermal conductivity, photothermal conversion capability, and abundant surface functional groups. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the recent advancement of soft actuators with MXene nanomaterials and their extensive applications from the perspective of bioinspiration is provided. First, synthetic methods of MXene and their properties are briefly summarized. Subsequently, soft actuators with MXene nanomaterials (including photoresponsive soft actuators, electroresponsive soft actuators, and chemoresponsive soft actuators) are sequentially investigated with a focus on the fabrication approaches, actuation properties, underlying mechanisms, and promising applications. At the end, the future challenges and opportunities for the rapid development of soft actuators with MXene nanomaterials are discussed.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":"225 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visible Mie resonances in dielectric hollow spheres: Principle, regulation, and applications","authors":"Xiaxi Yao, Xuekun Hong, Yiding Liu","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230019","url":null,"abstract":"Dielectric nanostructures have recently been frequently employed as building blocks for photonic structures due to their advantages, including low energy dissipation, good chemical stability, and distinct resonant properties compared to plasmonic nanostructures. One of the most important principles that governs the optical property of dielectric nanoparticles is Mie resonance, which highly depends on dielectric property, size, morphology, and assembly structures of the nanoparticles as well as the surrounding environment. Among diverse types of Mie‐resonant nanoparticles, hollow spheres are particularly attractive as they can reduce multiple scattering and elongates the mean free path of the light passing through, which results in enhanced Mie resonance compared to solid particles and benefits a broad range of applications including structural color and beyond. This article aims at reviewing the recent development of Mie‐resonant hollow spheres from aspects starting from a brief theoretical introduction of Mie resonance in hollow spheres, principles for regulation of the resonances, followed by common strategies for synthesis, and recent advances in applications of Mie‐resonant hollow spheres. Remarks on the challenges and future opportunities in this area will also be presented.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":"156 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139266764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pilan Zhang, Haiqin Du, Shiwen Cui, Ping Zhou, Yifei Xu
{"title":"Response of organic solvents to vitrification and electron exposure in cryo‐TEM experiments","authors":"Pilan Zhang, Haiqin Du, Shiwen Cui, Ping Zhou, Yifei Xu","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230025","url":null,"abstract":"Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM) has impacted biology and materials science profoundly due to its power in studying aqueous specimens. However, it remains challenging to extend this technique to organic solvent systems as organic solvents are often difficult to vitrify and are unstable under electron beams. Here, we studied the response of the 23 most commonly used organic solvents to vitrification and electron exposure in cryo‐TEM experiments. Optimized vitrification method was determined for each of the solvents, and the electron tolerances of the solvents were thoroughly measured using high‐resolution imaging. Generic rules underlying the different performances of the solvents were discussed. Based on the rules, methods were developed to enhance the electron exposure stability of the organic solvents. Our results provide guidance for optimizing cryo‐TEM experiments on organic solvent specimens.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":"4 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shu Zhang, Yi An, Xu‐Man Chen, Ivan Aprahamian, Quan Li
{"title":"Mechanically interlocked luminescent molecules","authors":"Shu Zhang, Yi An, Xu‐Man Chen, Ivan Aprahamian, Quan Li","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research into mechanically interlocked luminescent molecules (MILMs), which is the overlapping of mechanically interlocked molecules and luminescent molecules, has intensified over the past few decades. These studies have tapped into and exploited the benefits of mechanically interlocked structures to achieve outstanding and stimulus‐responsive optical characteristics, resulting in the synthesis of new types of luminescent systems and exploring their potential uses in different applications. This review describes the salient attributes of MILMs and showcases some of the latest advancements in this field of research.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":"19 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135392216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photoresponsive ion‐pairing assemblies","authors":"Yohei Haketa, Rima Sengupta, Hiromitsu Maeda","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review provides an overview of the π‐electronic ion pairs and assemblies that demonstrate photoresponsive behaviors through photoisomerization and photoinduced electron transfer. Various ion pairs arise from the incorporation of ionic substituents to photoisomerizable π‐electronic systems, such as azobenzene and diarylethene moieties, and their association with counterions. Conversely, numerous ion pairs, made up of positively and negatively charged π‐electronic systems serving as electron acceptor and donor units, respectively, are prepared through ion‐pair metathesis. In both scenarios, the design and synthesis of charged π‐electronic systems play a crucial role in ion‐pairing assemblies. Moreover, the structures and properties of these assembled entities are influenced by the inclusion of accompanying counterions. These ion pairs display photoresponsive actions, including phase transitions through photoisomerization and the emergence of excited‐state radical pairs due to photoinduced electron transfer. Notably, π‐stacked ion pairs ( π‐sips ) composed of charged porphyrins transform into π‐stacked radical pairs ( π‐srps ) upon photoexcitation. Multiple components, as oppositely charged π‐electronic systems associated by noncovalent interactions, possessing varying electronic states and traits are suitable for switching behaviors in response to external stimuli.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":"152 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135371689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ren Zheng, Yang Wei, Zi‐Chen Zhang, Ze‐Yu Wang, Ling‐Ling Ma, Yu Wang, Ling Huang, Yan‐Qing Lu
{"title":"Stimuli‐responsive active materials for dynamic control of light field","authors":"Ren Zheng, Yang Wei, Zi‐Chen Zhang, Ze‐Yu Wang, Ling‐Ling Ma, Yu Wang, Ling Huang, Yan‐Qing Lu","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The increasing demand for the multidimensional and dynamic control of light has spurred the development of stimuli‐responsive, reconfigurable, and programmable optical systems. Liquid crystals (LCs), which combine liquid‐like stimuli‐responsiveness and crystal‐like orientational ordering, have emerged as highly appealing soft materials. Owing to their exceptional optical performance and programmable functionalities, they are becoming incredibly important materials in active planar optics and photonics. Additionally, silk proteins, luminescent materials, and metasurfaces exhibit dynamic optical properties, enabling remarkable multifunctional applications. This review focuses on the advancements in stimuli‐responsive materials, including LCs, silk proteins, luminescent materials, and active metasurfaces as well as some of these materials paired with LCs. Their attractive tunable applications in optics and photonics, along with the great potential for the future development of active optical systems, are also emphasized.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135778432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao‐Fang Hou, Xiao Chen, Jia‐Hao Wei, Yang Xu, Xu‐Man Chen, Quan Li
{"title":"Supramolecular dissipative self‐assembly systems: Approaches and applications","authors":"Xiao‐Fang Hou, Xiao Chen, Jia‐Hao Wei, Yang Xu, Xu‐Man Chen, Quan Li","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Dissipative self‐assembly (DSA) system requires a continuous supply of fuels to maintain the far‐from‐equilibrium assembled state. Living organisms exist and operate far from the thermodynamic equilibrium by continuous consumption of energy taken from the surroundings, so how to realize the construction of the artificial DSA system has attracted much attention by researchers all over the world. Owing to dynamic controllable noncovalent interactions, artificial supramolecular DSA systems have achieved higher functions fueled by various types of energy, such as chemical fuels, light, electric energy, acoustic energy, and mechanical energy. Upon the input of external fuels, nonactive precursors can be activated to form building blocks at higher energy levels and then self‐assemble into transient supramolecular structures. As the proceeding of deactivation reaction, the building blocks with higher energy level dissipate back to the initial precursors, resulting in the disassembly process, to complete a full cycle. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of artificial supramolecular DSA systems on its construction strategies and energy‐fueled regulation approaches. The applications of supramolecular DSA systems in luminescence modulating, information encryption, self‐regulating gels, drug delivery, and catalysis are also discussed. We hope that this review article will facilitate further understanding and development of DSA systems.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135890065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihang Wang, Lorette Fernandez, Adil S. Aslam, Monika Shamsabadi, Lidiya M. Muhammad, Kasper Moth‐Poulsen
{"title":"Chasing the rainbow: Exploiting photosensitizers to drive photoisomerization reactions","authors":"Zhihang Wang, Lorette Fernandez, Adil S. Aslam, Monika Shamsabadi, Lidiya M. Muhammad, Kasper Moth‐Poulsen","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Photoswitchable molecules have garnered considerable attention for their versatility and diverse applications, spanning from solar energy harvesting and storage to drug delivery and molecular motors. The chemical conversions that make photoswitches a desirable system are driven by specific wavelengths of light, which often demand intricate molecular modifications. An alternative approach to achieve the photoisomerization reaction is through energy transfer with photosensitizers. Photosensitizers play a pivotal role in various light‐induced processes and have demonstrated successful applications in photodynamic therapy, dye‐sensitized solar cells, and activating photochemical reactions. Therefore, combining photoswitching systems with sensitizers presents an attractive alternative for advancing light‐responsive material design and enabling innovative light‐controlled technologies. This review summarizes the energy transfer mechanisms and strategies involved in sensitized molecular photoswitchable systems, emphasizing the performance of various combined systems, and potential applications. Furthermore, recent advances and emerging trends in this field are also discussed, offering insights into prospective future directions for the development of light‐responsive materials.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136078801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Responsive materials based on coordination bonds","authors":"Shi‐Yi Chen, Zi‐Han Zhao, Cheng‐Hui Li, Quan Li","doi":"10.1002/rpm.20230011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230011","url":null,"abstract":"Responsive materials can respond to different external stimuli by changing their chemical or/and physical properties, thus being useful for various applications such as drug delivery, bioimaging, actuators, and sensors. A common strategy for constructing responsive materials is to introduce dynamic covalent bonds or noncovalent interactions into polymer systems. Compared with noncovalent interactions and other covalent bonds, coordination bonds have the peculiarity that their bond strength and dissociation rate can be tuned to a greater extent. Such tunability makes coordination bonds uniquely advantageous in constructing stimuli‐responsive materials. Herein, we summarize the recent progress of responsive materials based on coordination bonds that are classified into seven categories, that is, thermo‐responsive, photo‐responsive, electro‐responsive, mechano‐responsive, chemo‐responsive, pH‐responsive, and other responsive materials, according to the type of external stimuli. The corresponding mechanism, design strategy, and research status of each category are comprehensively summarized. Finally, the prospects and challenges for the development of stimuli‐responsive materials based on coordination bonds are discussed.","PeriodicalId":313882,"journal":{"name":"Responsive Materials","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124825701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}