Buletin Peternakan最新文献

{"title":"Polymorphism of CSN2 Gene Exon 7 in Indonesian Dairy Goat Breeds","authors":"G. Deviandini, R. R. Noor, E. Taufik, S. A. Asmarasari","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84098","url":null,"abstract":"Milk production and composition are the main factors in the dairy industry. However, these traits are influenced by several factors, such as genetic factors. The CSN2 gene exon 7 is one of the genes that can affect the protein composition of goat milk. Several studies on the CSN2 gene exon seven have been conducted on Italian and Indian goat breeds, and their genetic variations have been found. Studies about CSN2 gene exon seven polymorphisms in Indonesia have been completed but found no variations. Therefore, this study aims to find genetic variations of CSN2 gene exon 7 using the Sanger Sequencing Method. Ninety-five blood samples of 66 Sapera, 15 Saanen, and 14 Etawa Grade goats were collected from the Livestock Research Center, Ciawi. Genetic diversity was calculated using PopGene32 programs. The results found two polymorphic SNPs in all three dairy goat breeds, namely g.8946C>T and g.8956G>A. Three genotypes found in SNP g.8946C>T are CC, CT, and TT, while a new SNP g.8956G>A found two genotypes (GG and GA). In conclusion, SNPs g.8946C>T and g.8956G>A are polymorphic. Additional research should be conducted to determine whether there is any association between these 2 SNPs and milk production and quality.","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49412859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Association of CFHR5 Gene Polymorphism with Fatty Acid Composition and Cholesterol in Sheep","authors":"Akbanugra Yudhananda, K. Listyarini, C. Sumantri, A. Gunawan","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84177","url":null,"abstract":"The Complement Factor H Related 5 (CFHR5) gene is speculated to have an important role in regulating fatty acid composition in sheep. The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of the CFHR5 gene and its association with fatty acid composition and cholesterol of sheep in Indonesia. A total of 172 rams from 83 priangan sheep (PS), 20 sapudi sheep (SS), 19 Garut sheep (GS), 20 jonggol sheep (JS), 10 Garut composite sheep (GCS), 10 compass agrinac sheep (CAS), and 10 Barbados cross sheep (BCS) were used for this study. Identification of CFHR5 gene polymorphism were performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using AciI restriction enzyme. The results showed that the CFHR5 gene in all sheep populations were polymorphic producing three genotypes, e.g. CC, CT and TT, respectively. The polymorphism had a significant effect (p<0.05) on fatty acid composition (miristoleic [C14:1], ginkgolic [C17:1], tridecanoic [C13:0], and heptadecanoic [C17:0] acids) and cholesterol. The breed and polymorphism had a significant effect (p<0.05) on fatty acid composition (JS with tridecanoic acid [C13:0] and BCS with miristoleic acid [C14:1]). The CC genotype is the preferred genotype and as it exhibits reduced levels of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. The BCS sheep is the preferred genotype and as it exhibits high PUFA/SFA ratio. The CFHR5 gene (SNP c.1011C>T) has the potential to be used as a genetic marker for the selection of low saturated fatty acid composition and cholesterol in sheep","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44792062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Growth Hormone Gen with KUB Chicken Productivity","authors":"Prayoga Alfano, Depison Depison, S. Erina","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.83902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.83902","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the diversity of quantitative characteristics and GH genes, along with the association between GH genes and quantitative characteristics. The research material consisted of 96 KUB chickens aged DOC-2 months and corresponding blood samples. The t-test was utilized to determine differences in body weight, weight gain, and body measurements between male and female KUB chickens, and assess the diversity of the GH gene. T2-Hotelling analysis was employed to compare body measurements between male and female KUB chickens, while principal component analysis was used to identify size and shape characteristics. Male KUB chickens' average body weight, weight gain and body size were significantly (p<0.05) higher than females. The analysis of the growth hormone gene exhibited three genotypes: +/+ (0.51), +/- (0.35), and -/- (0.14). Additionally, two alleles were identified: (+) accounting for 0.68% and (-) accounting for 0.32%. The growth hormone gene MspI of KUB chickens demonstrated polymorphism, with X2 count (2.93) < X2 table 0.05 (3.84). The heterozygosity value in the KUB chicken population was 0.43, and the obtained PIC value was 0.38. The genotype +/+ of the growth hormone gene in KUB chickens was significantly higher (p<0.05) than genotypes +/- and -/-.In conclusion, male KUB chickens exhibited higher body weight, weight gain, and body measurements compared to female KUB chickens. The chest circumference served as the identifier for body size in both male and female KUB chickens, while the length of the upper body and tibia length distinguished the shape characteristics of male and female KUB chickens, respectively. KUB chickens' growth hormone gene MspI was associated with body weight, weight gain, and body measurements, with the (+/+) genotype being the most favorable","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43399554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Motility Characteristic of Pesisir Bulls Sexed Semen with Different Pre-Freezing Method Based on Computer Assisted Sperm Analyzer (CASA)","authors":"Dwiki Wahyudi, Z. Udin, T. Afriani","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84331","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to find  the best combination between pre-freezing method and layer of post sexing on semen quality of Pesisir Bulls. This study used 2 Pesisir Bulls. The semen was evaluated using Computer Assisted Sperm Analyzer (CASA). This study used factorial randomized block design with 2 factors. Factor A was sexed semen layer of BSA column with 2 level, whereas Factor B was pre-freezing method with 3 level. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used in this study for data Analysis. According to the analysis of variance, there is no interaction of the combination of two factors on each paramters. Pre-freezing method showed highly statistically significant effect (P<0.01) on the quality of motility on upper layer and bottom layer which was about (52.86-72.93%; 52.32-65.50%) and about (40.17-56.99%; 40.33-53.18%) on progressive motility. The value of Distance Curve Line on  (39.15-43.24 μm; 49.25-53.86 μm), Distance Average Path (22.38-24.60 μm; 26.52-29.94 μm), Distance Straight Line (17.32-19.07 μm; 20.93-24.25 μm). The value of Velocity Curve Line (88.67- 97.50 μm/s; 109.85-117.90 μm/s), Velocity Average Path (50.98- 55.63 μm/s; 59.32- 64.69μm/s), Velocity Straight Line (34.45-42.37 μm/s; 46.80-50.62 μm/s), Beat Cross Frequancy (23.91-25.17 Hz; 25.63-27.35 Hz), Straightness (0.75-0.77; 0.77-0.80), and Wobble (0.56-0.57; 0.53-0.55), highly statistically significant (P<0.01) on post sexing layers. Meanwhile, the value of Amplitude of Lateral Head (4.24-4.94 μm; 4.25-4.44 μm) showed highly significant effect (P<0.01) on factor A and factor B treatment, and value Linearity was about (0.42-0.44; 0.43-0.44) showed not significant effect (P>0,05) on every factor. According to the study, it can be concluded that the best treatment was treatment modified procedure layer by space the straw 16 cm every layers and The quality of post sexing X- and Y- spermatozoa motility effect on motility characteristic such as DCL, DAP, DSL, VCL, VAP, VSL, STR, WOB, ALH and BCF.","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47224618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness Performance of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) to Increase Hatchability of KUB Chicken Eggs in Artificial Hatchery","authors":"J. A. Lase, Aulia Rahmad Hasyim, A. Alwiyah, S. Surya, S. Suroto, Mustafa Hutagalung, Siti Maryam Harahap, K. E. Ramija, D. Lestari, V. A. Mendrofa","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84112","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the effect of 40°C warm water and sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) on the hatchability of KUB chickens through artificial hatchery. The NaOCl concentrations used in this study were 0.25% and 0.5%. The hatching eggs used are the production of KUB hens which are kept intensively in the UPBS Poultry Departmen, Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) of North Sumatra. The research procedures applied in this study were collection of hatching eggs, fumigation of machines and equipment, setting of machines and hatching eggs, washing of eggs with cherry leaf extract and hatching of eggs for 21 days. During the hatching process, observations were made on the variables that had been determined. The observed variables were egg shape index, egg weight loss, shell temperature and hatchability. The method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 300 replications. The results showed that the shape index of the eggs that hatched in this study was 76.71 - 77.38%, the P2 treatment experienced the most stable weight loss compared to other treatments. The conclusion in this study P2 (0.25% NaOCl) effective in the highest egg hatchability.","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42079870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Physical Quality of Supplement Wafer and Application of Supplement on Layer Performance","authors":"Anna Megawati Br Pakpahan, Y. Retnani, R. Mutia, W. W. Wardani","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.84653","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the physical quality of the wafer supplement with different binders and evaluate the performance of laying hens fed the supplement wafer in drinking water. The rearing stage used 64 Isa Brown chickens raised for 12 weeks. Stage 1 of the experiment used a 3x4 Completely randomized design (T1: Pollard, T2: Cassava Flour, T3: Tapioca Flour Waste). Phase two of the study used a completely randomized design with two treatments x 4 replicates x 8 chickens (P0: without supplement wafers, P1: supplement wafers). The variables observed were the wafer's physical quality and Isa Brown's performance. Different adhesives in the manufacture of wafers produced no significant difference in water content (p>0.05) but significant differences (p<0.05) in water activity, bulk density, wafer durability index, and total solubility. Supplementary wafer administration did not affect (p>0.05) feed consumption, drinking water consumption, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), egg weight, and daily egg production but did affect (p<0.05) chicken mortality. The conclusion is that wafers with the best physical quality use cassava flour binder, and giving wafer supplements in drinking water can reduce mortality.","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67747513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Capability of Rice Plant Waste Sourced from the Feed Concentration Index in Farmer Groups in Salo Urban Vilagge","authors":"S. Surya, Rahmaniar Rahman, F. Fitriawaty, I. Andriani, Azhar Amir","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.85416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.85416","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the characteristics of farmer groups, rice plant waste production, livestock performance, livestock economic density and feed concentration index in Salo Urban Village. This study uses a descriptive cross-sectional research design. Data were analyzed to look at the characteristics of farmer groups according to sex and age, rice plant waste production, livestock performance, livestock economic density and feed concentration index in Salo Urban Village. The results showed 23 farmer groups with 1.077 members, 937 male (87%) and 140 female (13%). There were 2 categories: the productive category for those aged 15 - 64 years old (85,24%) and the unproductive category for those over 65 years old (14,76%). The average harvested area is 39,18 Ha/farmer group; with fresh production of rice plant waste being 465,80 tons; dry production of rice plant waste being 263,65 tons; and dry matter production being 233,49 tons. The livestock performance equation is In (Y) = -348.47 + 0.18t with a growth rate of 18% for cattle and In (Y) = -340.38 + 0.17t with a growth rate of 17% for goats, and has an economic density of livestock in the rarely category. The feed concentration index obtained three categories, namely the high production category (1 farmer group), the medium production category (6 farmer groups) and the low production category (16 farmer groups). Shows that rice plant waste harvested from farmer groups in Salo Urban Village can be used as a ruminant feed source.","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45379269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sperm Longevity and Motility in Ringer’s Lactate Solution with Addition of Egg Yolk among Five Phenotypes of Kokok Balenggek Chicken","authors":"A. Ananda, Jaswandi Jaswandi, Rusfidra Rusfidra, Harif Gusdinal","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.83647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.83647","url":null,"abstract":"The application of cryopreservation to preserve germplasm in such specific breed requires preliminary studies, primarily related to the resistance of spermatozoa to low temperatures (4 – 5 °C) as measured by their motility and longevity. In this study, semen taken from five phenotypes of Kokok Balengeek Chicken (KBC) (Biriang, Jalak, Kinantan, Kuriak, and Taduang) was used to evaluate the effect of Ringer’s Lactate-egg yolk diluent on longevity and motility of spermatozoa. The treatments consisted of Ringer’s Lactate (RL) solution added with egg yolk at a concentration of 1% (RLKT1), 3% (RLKT3), and 5% (RLKT5). Evaluation of fresh semen showed that the spermatozoa of Jalak had the highest motility, namely 75.63 ± 0.5% (P<0.05). Post-dilution longevity and motility observations were carried out at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h, significantly decreasing each time (P<0.05). The lowest range of reduction was found in Jalak spermatozoa diluted with RL with longevity of 7.75 ± 0.70 days. Overall, the RL diluent showed the highest motility after 24 h, namely 41.13 ± 2.27%. Adding egg yolks to Ringer's Lactate solution could not maintain the motility of KBC spermatozoa when stored at 4-5°C for 48-72 h.","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45076473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Cassava Leaf Meal as a Rice Bran Substitute and Enzyme Supplementation on Lymphoid Organ Weight and Digestibility in Broiler Chickens","authors":"M. Ridla, R. Angriani, W. Hermana","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.83316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i3.83316","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava leaves are a potential alternative feed ingredient due to their high levels of crude protein and energy. However, their utilization in poultry feed is constrained by factors such as cyanic acid, fiber content, and nutrient digestibility. This study aimed to investigate the impact of including cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a rice bran substitute and enzyme supplementation on lymphoid organ development and metabolizable energy parameters in broiler chickens. A 2x3 completely randomized factorial design was conducted using 48 Cobb-strain broilers unsexing at 35 days old. The treatments included different levels of CLM and enzyme (NSP and protease) supplementation at a dose of 250 g/ton of feed. The treatments consisted of R0E0: 0% CLM without enzyme, R0E1: 0% CLM with enzyme, R1E0: 1.5% CLM without enzyme, R1E1: 1.5% CLM with enzyme, R2E0: 3% CLM without enzyme, and R2E1: 3% CLM with enzyme. The variables assessed were lymphoid organ development (thymus, bursa Fabricius, and spleen) and metabolizable energy parameters (Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME), True Metabolizable Energy (TME), Apparent Metabolizable Energy Corrected to Nitrogen (AMEn), and True Metabolizable Energy Corrected to Nitrogen (TMEn)). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc tests conducted for significant differences. Results indicated no interaction between CLM and enzymes in lymphoid organ development and energy metabolizable. The inclusion of CLM led to a reduction in AME and TME (p<0.05). However, enzyme supplementation significantly increased the relative weight of lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen) and metabolizable energy parameters (AME, TME, AMEn, and TMEn) (p<0.05). Importantly, the inclusion of CLM up to a level of 3.0% did not negatively impact the health of broiler chickens. Furthermore, the addition of enzymes effectively mitigated the negative effects associated with CLM inclusion in the feed, suggesting their potential as a strategy to improve feed utilization in broiler production systems.","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45357220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplementation of Biopeptide from Chicken Feet to the Immune System and Growth of Broiler Chicken","authors":"Aulia Rizaldi Hafiz Hakim, B. Hartoyo, S. Rahayu, E. Tugiyanti, Munasik Munasik","doi":"10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i2.82452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i2.82452","url":null,"abstract":"The safety of poultry products, especially broiler chickens, can be stated to be relatively low. Antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) is used to improve chicken performance and maintain immunity. The ban on the use of AGP triggers the innovation of other materials to replace the function of AGP. Biopeptide is a solution that can be used. Biopeptides can be made from materials with a high protein content, for example, waste from chicken slaughterhouses. The waste that can be used is chicken feet, biopeptides produced from hydrolytic proteins have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These properties can improve the performance and immune system of broiler chickens. The aim of the study was to examine the supplementation of biopeptides from chicken feet on the immune system (total Escherichia coli and internal organ) and the growth of broiler chickens. The research material was 200 day old chickens of broiler strain cobb unsex, which were reared for 42 days of the rearing period. The treatment feeds were P0: basal feed, P1 basal feed + 2% biopeptide, P2: basal feed + 4% biopeptide, P3: basal feed + 6% biopeptide. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance with the Tukey test (BNJ). The results showed that biopeptide supplementation from chicken feet had a significant (P<0.05) effect on total Escherichia coli, spleen weight, bursa of Fabricius weight, body weight gain, and feed efficiency for broiler chickens. However, the results of the study had no significant effect (P>0.05) on liver weight and Avian Influenza antibody titers for broiler chickens. Biopeptide supplementation from chicken feet can reduce total Escherichia coli, and spleen weight, and increase the bursa of Fabricius weight, body weight gain, and feed efficiency for broiler chickens. Biopeptide supplementation from chicken feet of 6% gave the best results in body weight gain and feed efficiency.","PeriodicalId":31305,"journal":{"name":"Buletin Peternakan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42966506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}