Environmental Research最新文献

{"title":"Wild macrofungi as bioindicators of persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, NPAHs, and PAHs) in urban and natural environments","authors":"Milena Rašeta ,&nbsp;Marko Kebert ,&nbsp;Milana Rakić ,&nbsp;Eleonora Čapelja ,&nbsp;Saša Orlović ,&nbsp;Saša Kostić","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in particular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their nitro derivatives (NPAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pose a major environmental and public health challenge worldwide. Our study evaluated the content of PAHs, NPAHs, and PCBs in eight common, wild macrofungal species collected from urban (Kamenički and Dunavski parks) and natural (Fruška Gora Mt.) environments in Northern Serbia. Among analyzed species, the edible <em>Laetiporus sulphureus</em> (Bull.) Murrill 1920 exhibited the highest total concentrations of Σ₁₅PAHs (837.97 ± 11.49 ng g⁻¹ dry weight, DW), Σ₆NPAHs (166.99 ± 4.51 ng g⁻¹ DW), and Σ₁₀PCBs (265.27 ± 0.32 ng g⁻¹ DW), followed closely by <em>Auricularia mesenterica</em> (Dicks.) Pers. 1822 (Σ₁₅PAHs: 725.42 ± 16.02 ng g⁻¹ DW; Σ₆NPAHs: 160.63 ± 14.82 ng g⁻¹ DW, Σ₁₀PCBs: 214.28 ± 22.56 ng g⁻¹ DW), both species from Kamenički park. High-molecular-weight PAHs such as dibenz[<em>a,h</em>]anthracene and benzo[<em>ghi</em>]perylene were dominant across most species most inspected species, while 6-nitrobenzo[<em>a</em>]pyrene was the most prevalent NPAH. PCBs showed species- and congener-specific adsorption patterns, with the highest concentrations detected in <em>L. sulphureus</em> and <em>Stereum subtomentosum</em> Pouzar 1964. Overall, variation in pollutant levels strongly depended on the locality and species-specific traits. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence that wild macrofungi, from urban areas, may represent powerful accumulators of PAHs, NPAHs, and PCBs, offering important insights into environmental pollution monitoring and potential food safety risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 123890"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cobalt-doped red mud composite as a porous catalyst for activating peroxymonosulfate to degrade methylene blue","authors":"Hongliang Chen ,&nbsp;Nana Lu ,&nbsp;Qian Long ,&nbsp;Mengbi Yang ,&nbsp;Dandan Luo ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A porous composite catalyst, designated as 0.1Co/RM@G, is successfully fabricated with red mud (RM). This catalyst, incorporating CoFe₂O₄, Fe₃O₄ and Na₄CoO₃ as active species, is employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the methylene blue (MB) degradation in aqueous solutions. The results demonstrate that under optimal conditions: 1 g/L of 0.1Co/RM@G and 10 mM PMS, the removal efficiency of MB (initial concentration: 100 mg/L) achieves up to 99.7 % within 15 min. Radical scavenging experiments combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses confirm that singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for the MB degradation. A plausible mechanism for PMS activation by 0.1Co/RM@G is proposed, where the synergistic effect between Co³⁺/Co²⁺ and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ redox cycles plays a crucial role in sustaining the high catalytic performance. Furthermore, recycling experiments reveal that the catalyst retains over a 71.3 % MB removal efficiency after four cycles, highlighting its strong reusability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the N sites (30, 21) and C sites (13, 6, 15, 11, 2, 4) on the MB molecule are particularly susceptible to attack by ¹O₂ during the oxidation process. The potential pathways for the MB degradation are proposed through intermediates analysis using LC-MS technology. Thanks to its robust catalytic efficiency and excellent recyclability, the 0.1Co/RM@G composite shows a great potential for practical applications in the treatment of MB wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 123793"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driving factors and predictive model of dissolved N2O concentrations in a complex aquatic network","authors":"Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Dongli She ,&nbsp;Menghua Xiao ,&nbsp;Yongchun Pan ,&nbsp;Cheng Lu ,&nbsp;Shenhao Qu ,&nbsp;Taohong Cao ,&nbsp;Yongqiu Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inland water networks, comprising hydrologically integrated rivers, agricultural ditches, and aquaculture ponds, are significant N₂O sources, yet their complexity impedes accurate quantification. Here we developed an integrated framework combining structural equation modeling (SEM), machine learning (ML), and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to bridge causal inference with nonlinear predictive modeling in China's Taihu Basin. Our results demonstrate that NO₃⁻-N and water temperature (WT) dominate N₂O variability, explaining significantly more variance than discrete water body categories. This framework successfully reconciled the dual role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). SEM identifies DOC as a macroscopic sink driven by the complete denitrification of nitrate to N₂ (standardized effect = −0.143), while SHAP reveals its role as a microscopic catalyst that enhances N₂O production efficiency per unit of nitrate. Although the ensemble model achieved high accuracy (test R² = 0.70), the parsimonious model using four routine parameters (NO₃⁻-N, DO, NH₄⁺-N, and WT) proved more suitable for regional assessment, demonstrating satisfactory predictive capability (test R² = 0.54) and successfully reconstructing basin-wide spatiotemporal patterns. This study provides a scalable and transferable methodology for unlocking the driving mechanisms of complex aquatic ecosystems, offering a robust tool for basin-scale N₂O estimation and targeted greenhouse gas mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 123972"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146130648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing global patterns and health risks of vegetables as a dietary mercury exposure pathway","authors":"Yue Wang ,&nbsp;Ke Xing ,&nbsp;Nan Xiao ,&nbsp;Yanni Zhang ,&nbsp;Yixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Lingzao Zeng ,&nbsp;Yijun Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mercury (Hg) is a globally distributed toxic pollutant with well-documented neurotoxic and nephrotoxic effects, yet comprehensive assessments of Hg contamination in vegetables—a potentially significant dietary exposure pathway for non-fish-consuming populations—remain lacking. This study presents the first global assessment of Hg concentrations in edible vegetables by compiling 8546 records from 49 countries, integrating data from peer-reviewed literature, the WHO GEMS Food contaminants database, and national Total Diet Studies. The compiled dataset revealed pronounced geographic inequalities in monitoring coverage, with high-income countries contributing the majority of observations while many low- and middle-income regions remained substantially underrepresented. Despite these data gaps, the global median Hg concentration was 0.0012 mg/kg, suggesting that vegetables generally constitute a secondary exposure pathway relative to fish and seafood. However, regional median concentrations varied by nearly 50-fold, from 0.00014 mg/kg in North America to 0.0067 mg/kg in the Middle East and North Africa, with extreme values recorded in Côte d'Ivoire (0.140 mg/kg) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (0.057 mg/kg). Temporal analysis revealed divergent trajectories: while emission controls drove a 58 % reduction in median concentrations in China (from 0.0024 to 0.0010 mg/kg), high contamination levels persisted in regions with unregulated mining. Correlation analyses indicated that PM2.5 (r = 0.49) and artisanal gold mining emissions (r = 0.46) exhibited the strongest positive associations with vegetable Hg concentrations, implicating atmospheric deposition as a predominant contamination pathway. Probabilistic risk assessment identified Côte d'Ivoire and Bosnia and Herzegovina as potential high-risk hotspots, where estimated Hazard Quotients (HQ) exceeded the safety threshold for both children (HQ: 1.05–1.39) and adults (HQ: 1.47–1.95). Sensitivity analyses confirmed that the identification of these priority regions remains robust to demographic uncertainties. These findings demonstrate that in specific inland hotspots, vegetable-borne exposure rivals aquatic pathways, underscoring the urgent need for expanded surveillance in the Global South.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 123758"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating water-salt transport in subsided soil reclamation: The mechanism of calcination-acid leaching activated coal gangue","authors":"Guiyuan Wang,&nbsp;Junmeng Li,&nbsp;Chenyang Li,&nbsp;Yanli Huang,&nbsp;Yachao Guo,&nbsp;Laiwei Wu,&nbsp;Pucheng Rui","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gangue discharge and accumulation cause serious environmental issues. Activating gangue for subsided soil reclamation aids disposal and resource use. To address this, we used a 'calcination-acid leaching' activation method. XRD, FTIR, BET, and SEM-EDS assessed mineral changes, pore structure, and available silicon in calcined-acid-leached coal gangue (CA-CG) across different calcination temperatures and acid concentrations. Furthermore, soil column experiments measured water and salt transport, varying fly ash-to-gangue ratios, isolation layer thicknesses, and reclamation structures. Notably, at 700 °C, kaolinite completely dehydroxylates to metakaolinite, boosting silicon-aluminum reactivity. With 5 % acid leaching, amorphous silicon reacts rapidly with hydrogen ions, yielding 103 mg/kg accessible silicon. At this acid level, the CA-CG surface area was 28.81 % higher than at 1 % acid. As the ash-to-coal ratio increases, the water retention coefficient R first increases, then drops. Moreover, double-layer structures improve bottom desalination and reduce surface salt during evaporation. They resist upward ion migration better than single-layer structures. Finally, the control order for ion migration is: SO₄²⁻, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 123774"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphate-modified attapulgite for efficient Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal: surface functionalization and adsorption mechanisms","authors":"Xinyao Zhang ,&nbsp;Rong Yang ,&nbsp;Wenxia Zhu ,&nbsp;Di Meng ,&nbsp;Xuanjie Huang ,&nbsp;Zulin Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Ma ,&nbsp;Jun Yao ,&nbsp;Wenjihao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy metal ions such as Pb(II) and Cd(II) in aquatic environments and contaminated soils pose severe risks to ecosystems and human health, thereby necessitating their effective removal and immobilization. In this study, a phosphate-functionalized attapulgite material (C-ATP) was synthesized through a calcination-assisted modification strategy, achieving efficient phosphate incorporation while preserving the intrinsic crystalline framework of attapulgite (ATP). The resulting C-ATP exhibited significantly enhanced maximum adsorption capacities for Pb(II) and Cd(II), with increases of 80.89 % and 21.44 %, respectively, compared to unmodified ATP. Moreover, C-ATP exhibited remarkable adsorption stability over wide variations in pH and temperature, while sustaining high adsorption performance even under elevated concentrations of competing Ca(II) ions. In soil remediation experiments, C-ATP achieved immobilization efficiencies of 77.9 % for Pb(II) and 35.59 % for Cd(II) within 7 days, which were 2.8 and 1.5 times higher than those of unmodified attapulgite, and it maintained stable solidification performance after 56 days. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis verified that the phosphate functionalities were actively involved in the adsorption of heavy metal ions through the generation of inner-sphere coordination complexes at the material surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) further revealed that phosphate groups exhibited stronger binding affinity toward Pb(II) than the original hydroxyl groups on the attapulgite surface, providing a molecular-level explanation for the superior performance of C-ATP. This work provides a simple and cost-effective strategy for fabricating phosphate-modified attapulgite, elucidating the molecular mechanism by which phosphate groups enhance adsorption performance, and offering new insights into efficient heavy metal removal and contaminated soil remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 123751"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme ambient heat and outcomes of assisted reproduction in the continental United States, 1996 to 2018","authors":"Audrey J. Gaskins ,&nbsp;Andrew J. Newman ,&nbsp;Jennifer F. Kawwass ,&nbsp;Howard H. Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While extreme ambient heat has been associated with several adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes little is known regarding the link between extreme ambient temperatures and human fertility.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the associations between extreme ambient heat and assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Our analysis includes 1,087,379 patients in the continental United States who underwent 1,648,907 autologous oocyte, fresh embryo ART cycles reported to the National ART Surveillance System (1996–2018). Daily ambient temperature was derived by linking patient residential ZIP-code to a spatially refined gridded meteorology dataset. Three extreme heat metrics were created using different combinations of duration and intensity of hot days (mean daily temperature exceeding the ZIP-code-specific 98th percentile), as well as a continuous measure of temperature during folliculogenesis (90 days prior to cycle start) and ovarian stimulation. We estimated the adjusted odds ratio of cycle cancellation and live birth associated with extreme heat using generalized estimating equations, accounting for correlation within patients and clinics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Extreme heat during folliculogenesis and ovarian stimulation had no or modest associations with cycle cancellation or live birth; however, there was significant heterogeneity by region. Patients in the West with ≥15 days of extreme heat during folliculogenesis had 21 % (confidence interval [CI] 5–41 %) greater odds of cycle cancellation and 28 % (CI 20–36 %) lower odds of live birth compared to patients with no extreme heat in that region. Most associations were null in other regions. Nationally, a 10 °F higher ambient temperature during folliculogenesis and ovarian stimulation was associated with a modest (1–2 %), but statistically significant, increased odds of cycle cancellation and decreased odds of live birth.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We did not find strong evidence for an association between extreme ambient heat and ART outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 123783"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to ‘Larvicidal and pupicidal activity of phyto-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles against dengue vector Aedes aegypti’ [Environ. Res. 216 (2023) 114574]","authors":"Arunachalam Chinnathambi ,&nbsp;Sulaiman Ali Alharbi ,&nbsp;Rupa Lavarti ,&nbsp;G.K. Jhanani ,&nbsp;Ruangwong On-uma ,&nbsp;Kumchai Jutamas ,&nbsp;Wongchai Anupong","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123710","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 123710"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-childhood exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and neurobehavioral development in children","authors":"Chia-Jung Tung ,&nbsp;Jia-Hwa Yang ,&nbsp;Ching-Chun Lin ,&nbsp;Chia-Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Wu-Shiun Hsieh ,&nbsp;Mei-Huei Chen ,&nbsp;Pau-Chung Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants with potential adverse neurobehavioral effects. However, research on the effects of alternative PFAS and PFAS mixture on children's behavior is limited.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Children from the Taiwan Birth Panel Study II (TBPS II) were enrolled, and their serum was analyzed for 11 types of PFAS. Behavioral performance was assessed using the Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test, 2nd Edition (K-CPT 2). Linear regression and quantile g-computation (QGC) analyses were performed to determine the relationships between PFAS exposure and children's behavioral performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 448 children aged between 6 and 7 years were included in the study. PFAS concentrations varied considerably, with perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) showing the highest geometric mean (6.54 ng/mL) and PFDoDA the lowest (0.05 ng/mL). Among girls, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) levels were adversely associated with omissions (adjusted β = 3.72, 95 % confidence interval = 0.80, 6.63). There is no strong evidence for the joint effect of the PFAS mixture on K-CPT 2 scores. However, negative joint effects on K-CPT 2 indicators for boys and positive joint effects for girls are observed for perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS)and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights the modest adverse effects of alternative PFAS on child behavioral performance and the importance of sex differences. Future research should focus on the toxicological characteristics and health risks of short-chain PFAS substitutes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 123901"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146091636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transport of bisphenol analogues and their conjugated metabolites across human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier","authors":"Xiaoyi Wang ,&nbsp;Zihan Xu ,&nbsp;Luyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yue Xu,&nbsp;Chao Zhang,&nbsp;Zebin Fang,&nbsp;Yu Zhu,&nbsp;Yuxiang Weng","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envres.2026.123678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wide presence of bisphenol analogues (BPs) and their conjugated metabolites in human blood have raised concerns about their ability to penetrate the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB). However, whether conjugated BP metabolites can cross the human BCB remains unclear. This study analyzed 12 BPs and 14 conjugated BP metabolites in matched serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 108 Chinese adults, and investigated the transport of BPs and conjugated BP metabolites across the human BCB. The findings demonstrated the ubiquitous occurrence of six conjugated BP metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid, particularly bisphenol A-glucuronide (BPA-G; mean 1.25 ng/mL, range &lt; LOD−10.08 ng/mL), bisphenol S-sulfate (1.28 ng/mL, &lt; LOD−9.56 ng/mL), and bisphenol S-glucuronide (BPS-G; 2.53 ng/mL, &lt; LOD−14.64 ng/mL), with mean concentrations higher than their corresponding parent BPs. Penetration efficiencies across the BCB (<em>R</em>_CSF/serum) were calculated for six conjugated BP metabolites, with the mean <em>R</em>_CSF/serum values ranging from 0.16 (BPA-G) to 0.47 (BPS-G), providing the first quantitative permeability estimates for these compounds in humans. Furthermore, the <em>R</em>_CSF/serum values of the six conjugated BP metabolites showed a negative (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) correlation with their lipophilicity (i.e., log <em>K</em>_ow values). <em>R</em>_CSF/serum values were also positively (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) correlated with the BCB permeability index <em>R</em>_alb (i.e., cerebrospinal fluid/serum albumin ratio). These data suggest that chemical lipophilicity and BCB integrity are important determinants of BCB penetration for conjugated BP metabolites. These findings advance the understanding of human internal exposure to BPs and their conjugated metabolites within the central nervous system, and provide critical insights into their potential neurotoxic effects in humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 123678"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145898944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}