ImmunoTargets and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Advances in the Understanding of the Correlation Between Neuroinflammation and Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Huiying Yan, Wei Wang, Tingting Cui, Yanxin Shao, Mingquan Li, Limei Fang, Lina Feng","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S455881","DOIUrl":"10.2147/ITT.S455881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with a subtle and progressive onset and is the most common type of dementia. However, its etiology and pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. The common pathological manifestations of AD include extraneuronal β-amyloid deposition (Aβ), intraneuronal tau protein phosphorylation leading to the formation of 'neurofibrillary tangles' (NFTs), neuroinflammation, progressive loss of brain neurons/synapses, and glucose metabolism disorders. Current treatment approaches for AD primarily focus on the 'Aβ cascade hypothesis and abnormal aggregation of hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins', but have shown limited efficacy. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to identify more effective treatment targets for AD. The central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response plays a key role in the occurrence and development of AD. Neuroinflammation is an immune response activated by glial cells in the CNS that usually occurs in response to stimuli such as nerve injury, infection and toxins or in response to autoimmunity. Neuroinflammation ranks as the third most prominent pathological feature in AD, following Aβ and NFTs. In recent years, the focus on the role of neuroinflammation and microglia in AD has increased due to the advancements in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and sequencing technology. Furthermore, research has validated the pivotal role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in the progression of AD. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research progress on the role of neuroinflammation triggered by microglia in AD in recent years, aiming to provide a new theoretical basis for further exploring the role of neuroinflammation in the process of AD occurrence and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"287-304"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11180466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141331928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mendelian Randomization Analysis of Circulating Cytokines and Risk of Autoimmune Neuroinflammatory Diseases.","authors":"Sha-Sha Tao, Fan Cao, Ruo-Di Zhang, Shu-Zhen Xu, Xiao-Xiao Li, Jian Tang, Xiao-Ke Yang, Hai-Feng Pan","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S456326","DOIUrl":"10.2147/ITT.S456326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cytokines act a vital role in autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases (ANDs) with undetermined causal relationships. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to estimate the causal effects of circulating levels of cytokines on the risk of ANDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The causal relationship between 34 circulating cytokines and 4 kinds of ANDs, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NOM), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and myasthenia gravis (MG) were explored using four methods of MR analysis. MR-PRESSO, MR-Egger regression methods and Cochran's Q statistic were utilized to identify the instrumental variables (IVs) with potential pleiotropy and heterogeneity. The Bonferroni correction was used for multiple group comparisons. <i>P</i>-value less than 3.68E-04 (0.05/ (34*4)) was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Negative causal effects of circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-8 (OR = 0.648, 95% CI: 0.494-0.851, <i>P</i> = 0.002) on risk of MS, chemokine (C-C Motif) ligand (CCL)-5 (OR = 0.295, 95% CI: 0.103-0.841, <i>P</i> = 0.022) and stem cell growth factor-beta (SCGF-β) (OR = 0.745, 95% CI: 0.565-0.984, <i>P</i> = 0.038) on risk of CIDP, as well as positive causal effects of circulating levels of IL-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα) (OR = 1.216, 95% CI: 1.120-1.320, <i>P</i> = 3.20E-06) and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)-10 (OR = 1.404, 95% CI: 1.094-1.803, <i>P</i> = 0.008) on MS were observed. Nevertheless, only IL-2Rα still had a causal effect on MS after Bonferroni correction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results identify a genetically predicted causal effect of IL-2Rα, IL-8 and CXCL-10 on MS, CCL-5 and SCGF-β on CIDP.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"273-286"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11178096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141331929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Extracorporeal Photopheresis in the Management of Graft Versus Host Disease: Narrative Review.","authors":"Ayenew Berhan, Shewaneh Damtie, Andargachew Almaw, Biruk Legesse, Bekele Sharew, Birhanu Getie, Mulat Erkihun, Yenealem Solomon","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S457366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ITT.S457366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hematopoietic stem cell donation is a method used to treat both blood-related and non-blood-related malignancies. Graft-versus-host disease is a potentially life-threatening complication that can occur following a stem cell transplant from a donor. This happens after the transplanted grafts attack the recipient's body as foreign cells, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Clinically, this condition can be classified as acute or chronic based on onset and pathophysiology. This review aims to provide an overview of recent studies on extracorporeal photopheresis as a treatment strategy option for graft-versus-host-diseased patients. It will explain how it treats graft-versus-host disease, summarize its promising effects, and provide future recommendations for its use in treating this illness. Extracorporeal photopheresis is used to treat graft-versus-host disease by collecting and separating white blood cells from the patient. This blood is fractionated into different parts, and white blood cells undergo treatment with 8-methoxy psoralen, a photoactivable drug, before exposure to ultraviolet light A. Lastly, the cells that have been treated are reinfused into the recipient's body. It prompts the programmed cell death of lymphocytes and the engulfment of cellular debris by host antigen-presenting, leading to a subsequent rise in T regulatory cells. However, more experimental and randomized controlled studies are required to identify the best patient selection requirements, environments, and treatment regimens for graft-versus-host disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"235-246"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11060171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140868359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thymic NK-Cells and Their Potential in Cancer Immunotherapy.","authors":"Caitlyn Forbes, Stefan Nierkens, Annelisa M Cornel","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S441639","DOIUrl":"10.2147/ITT.S441639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK)-cells are innate immune cells with potent anti-tumor capacity, capable of recognizing target cells without prior exposure. For this reason, NK-cells are recognized as a useful source of cell therapy. Although most NK-cells are derived from the bone marrow (BM), a separate developmental pathway in the thymus also exists, producing so-called thymic NK-cells. Unlike conventional NK-cells, thymic NK (tNK)-cells have a combined capacity for cytokine production and a natural ability to kill tumor cells in the presence of NK-cell receptor stimulatory ligands. Furthermore, tNK-cells are reported to express CD3 subunits intracellularly, without the presence of a rearranged T-cell receptor (TCR). This unique feature may enable harnessing of these cells with a TCR to combine NK- and T-cell effector properties in one cell type. The development, phenotype, and function of tNK-cells, and potential as a cell therapy is, however, poorly explored. In this review, we provide an overview of current literature on both murine and human tNK-cells in comparison to conventional BM-derived NK-cells, and discuss the potential applications of this cellular subset in the context of cancer immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"183-194"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10979679/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140337069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold Tumour Phenotype Explained Through Whole Genome Sequencing in Clinical Nasopharyngeal Cancer: A Preliminary Study.","authors":"Handoko, Marlinda Adham, Lisnawati Rachmadi, Heri Wibowo, Soehartati A Gondhowiardjo","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S452117","DOIUrl":"10.2147/ITT.S452117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a complex cancer due to its unique genomic features and association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Despite therapeutic advancements, NPC prognosis remains poor, necessitating a deeper understanding of its genomics. Here, we present a comprehensive whole genome sequencing (WGS) view of NPC genomics and its correlation with the phenotype.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study involved WGS of a clinical NPC biopsy specimen. Sequencing was carried out using a long read sequencer from Oxford Nanopore. Analysis of the variants involved correlation with the phenotype of NPC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A loss of genes within chromosome 6 from copy number variation (CNV) was found. The lost genes included HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, which work in the antigen presentation process. This loss of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) apparatus resulted in the tumour's ability to evade immune recognition. The tumour exhibited an immunologically \"cold\" phenotype, with mild tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, supporting the possible etiology of loss of antigen presentation capability. Furthermore, the driver mutation PIK3CA gene was identified along with various other gene variants affecting numerous signaling pathways.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Comprehensive WGS was able to detect various mutations and genomic losses, which could explain tumour progression and immune evasion ability. Furthermore, the study identified the loss of other genes related to cancer and immune pathways, emphasizing the complexity of NPC genomics. In conclusion, this study underscores the significance of MHC class I gene loss and its probable correlation with the cold tumour phenotype observed in NPC.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"173-182"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140207738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dermatomyositis: Practical Guidance and Unmet Needs.","authors":"Lydia Cassard, Noelle Seraly, Maureen Riegert, Aditi Patel, Anthony P Fernandez","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S381472","DOIUrl":"10.2147/ITT.S381472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dermatomyositis is a heterogeneous idiopathic inflammatory myopathy associated with various cutaneous manifestations and variable presence of myositis, interstitial lung disease, and other visceral organ involvement. An accurate diagnosis of dermatomyositis requires correlating clinical examination findings with serological and histological findings. Familiarity with pathognomonic and common cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis, which are highlighted here, can be especially helpful in making an accurate diagnosis. Additionally, evaluating patients for presence of myositis-specific autoantibodies can further support or refute a dermatomyositis diagnosis. When present, myositis-specific autoantibodies can also help guide workups for various dermatomyositis-associated manifestations, as each is associated with relatively distinct clinical characteristics. Evaluating patients for various systemic manifestations often relies on expert opinion recommendations; however, societal guideline statements concerning the evaluation of some manifestations have recently been described. Although malignancy-associated dermatomyositis is a well-accepted subtype, there is limited evidence to support extensive malignancy screening has a favorable benefit-risk ratio in most dermatomyositis patients. However, recent research has uncovered novel associations between dermatomyositis and malignancy, suggesting the possibility of identifying high-risk subsets of dermatomyositis patients in whom malignancy screening may have a high value. Treatment for dermatomyositis has remained largely unchanged over the past several decades. Although many dermatomyositis patients can be effectively treated with current options, either as monotherapy or with combination regimens, there is a need for more targeted and effective DM therapies, in general, and for MDA5(+) dermatomyositis-associated rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease. Fortunately, significant current and emerging research activities evaluating various novel medications for dermatomyositis provide hope for exciting future advances in patients with this intriguing immune-mediated disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"151-172"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10924937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140094751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and Safety Profile of Tuberculin Protein Purified Derivative Injection As Immunotherapy For the Treatment of Cutaneous and Anogenital Warts: A Review Article.","authors":"Pati Aji Achdiat, Oki Suwarsa, Yudi Mulyana Hidayat, Mohamad Nasir Shafiee, Reiva Farah Dwiyana, Reti Hindritiani, Endang Sutedja, Satiti Retno Pudjiati, Dany Hilmanto, Meita Dhamayanti, Ida Parwati, Retno Hesty Maharani, Eva Krishna Sutedja, Erda Avriyanti, Yunitasari","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S446938","DOIUrl":"10.2147/ITT.S446938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Various treatments available today for anogenital and cutaneous warts have limitations, including time-consuming, challenging to perform, and the risk of scarring. A new treatment using tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) has been developed, which is expected to generate cellular immunity against HPV.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the evidence for the efficacy and safety of PPD treatment for cutaneous and anogenital warts.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A literature search was performed with the keyword-based search on digital libraries, including the National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trial, and Google Scholar, using the following terms: anogenital warts, condyloma acuminata, cutaneous warts, human papillomavirus, immunotherapy, and tuberculin purified protein derivative. Original studies on treating cutaneous or anogenital warts with PPD were included. The results were 47 clinical trials and 4 case reports. Most of the research was done in countries with common <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection. The treatment showed good efficacy. Comparative studies showed that the treatment has similar efficacy with other immunotherapies. No significant side effects were reported, with evidence of the safety use on the pregnant population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on good efficacy and safety, PPD can be considered an alternative therapy, especially in countries where tuberculosis is frequent.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"123-150"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10929246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140111556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing CD8+ TEMRA Cells in CP/CPPS Patients: Insights from Targeted Single-Cell Transcriptomic and Functional Investigations.","authors":"Fei Zhang, Qintao Ge, Jialin Meng, Jia Chen, Chaozhao Liang, Meng Zhang","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S451199","DOIUrl":"10.2147/ITT.S451199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The specific involvement of the CD8+ T effector memory RA (TEMRA) subset in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has largely not been explored in the literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Targeted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiles were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from two CP/CPPS patients and two healthy controls (HCs) in our recent study. Pseudotime series algorithms were used to reveal the differentiation trajectory, CellChat analysis was used to explore the communication between individual cells, and the SCENIC program was used to identify potential transcription factors (TFs). Based on the cosine similarity, clusters of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were considered to be further enriched in different pathways. To confirm the functional role of the critical clusters, flow cytometry was employed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed the molecular landscape of these clusters, with TEMRA cells exhibiting pronounced cytokine-mediated signaling pathway enrichment. Pseudotime trajectory analysis further mapped the evolution from naïve T cells to that of TEMRA cells, elucidating the developmental pathways involved in the immune context. A significant finding from CellChat analysis was the differential expression of ligands and receptors, with CD8+ TEMRA cells showing enhanced signaling, particularly in the CP/CPPS context, compared to HCs. Flow cytometry confirmed these results, revealing a heightened proinflammatory cytokine profile in patients with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms (CP-LS), suggesting that TEMRA cells play a significant role in disease pathogenesis. TF profiling across the T-cell clusters identified key regulators of cellular identity, identifying novel therapeutic targets. Elevated TNF signaling activity in CD8+ TEMRA cells underscored the involvement of these cells in disease mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study elucidates the pivotal role of the CD8+ TEMRA cell subset in CP/CPPS, which is characterized by increased TNF signaling and proinflammatory factor expression, highlighting potential biomarkers and opening new avenues for therapeutic intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"111-121"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10906729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Current Therapeutic Approaches and Future Outlooks.","authors":"Yusuf A Rajabally","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S388151","DOIUrl":"10.2147/ITT.S388151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a treatable autoimmune disorder, for which different treatment options are available. Current first-line evidence-based therapies for CIDP include intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulins, corticosteroids and plasma exchanges. Despite lack of evidence, cyclophosphamide, rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil are commonly used in circumstances of refractoriness and, more debatably, of perceived overdependence on first-line therapies. Rituximab is currently the object of a randomized controlled trial for CIDP. Based on case series, and although rarely considered, haematopoietic autologous stem cell transplants may be effective in refractory disease, with low mortality and high remission rates. A new therapeutic option has appeared with efgartigimod, a neonatal Fc receptor blocker, recently shown to significantly lower relapse rate versus placebo, after withdrawal from previous immunotherapy. Other neonatal Fc receptor blockers, nipocalimab and batoclimab, are under study. The C1 complement-inhibitor SAR445088, acting in the proximal portion of the classical complement system, is currently the subject of a new study in treatment-responsive, refractory and treatment-naïve subjects. Finally, Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors, which exert anti-B cell effects, may represent another future research avenue. The widening of the therapeutic armamentarium enhances the need for improved evaluation of treatment effects and reliable biomarkers in CIDP.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"99-110"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10906673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Males' Access to Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Resource-Limited Settings.","authors":"Wubishet Gezimu, Firomsa Bekele, Teshome Bekana, Ababo Demeke","doi":"10.2147/ITT.S451659","DOIUrl":"10.2147/ITT.S451659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human papillomavirus is known to cause cervical and anogenital cancer and benign anogenital and cutaneous warts. Both males and females can contract the virus during sexual intercourse and skin-to-skin contact. Communities in low- and middle-income countries, including Africa, are particularly suffering from human papillomavirus-related diseases, mainly cervical cancer. Vaccination is the most economical and efficient prevention strategy to control human papillomavirus-related diseases. Undoubtedly, to control all types of human papillomavirus-related morbidity and mortality, the entire at-risk, sexually active population needs to be vaccinated regardless of their sex. However, the vaccination program, particularly in Africa, the world's most resource-limited region, is habitually limited to the female population, considering only the burden of cervical cancer. We think that it is impossible to fully mitigate the human papillomavirus infection by vaccinating only the female population, while males can carry and pass the virus. In addition, marginalizing males from this program seems to violate gender inequality and their sexual and reproductive health rights. Hence, we voice the need for global and local governments to consider and customize human papillomavirus vaccination programs for the male population. Also, it is better to consider the male population in different research studies regarding human papillomavirus-related malignant and benign conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":30986,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy","volume":"13 ","pages":"95-98"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10882276/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}