EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)最新文献

{"title":"COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE DANIS-WEBER, AO, LAUGE HANSEN AND DIAS-TACHDJIAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR ANKLE FRACTURES","authors":"Bryam Esteban Coello García, Byron Fabián Pinos Reyes, Genesis Brigeth Jaramillo Curipoma, Fernanda Gisella Diaz Araujo, Andrea Verónica Reinoso Piedra, Maria Jose Montero Cardenas, José Miguel Guerrero Granda, Diego Javier Sánchez Pulgarín, Carmen Ruth Sanmartín Riera, Karina Alexandra Bermeo Bermeo","doi":"10.36713/epra17943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17943","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Ankle fractures are very common in emergency departments around the world. Through time and scientific advances, several means of classification have been structured with regard to ankle fractures. The most frequent, recognized and used classification systems in ankle fractures at the moment are those of Lauge-Hansen, the AO/OTA system, Danis-Weber in adults and Dias-Tachjian in pediatrics.\u0000Objective: to detail the current information related to the Danis-Weber, AO, Lauge-Hansen and Dias-Tachdjian classification systems for ankle fractures.\u0000Methodology: a total of 37 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 24 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant to this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: ankle fracture classification, AO classification, Danis-Weber classification, Lauge Hansen classification and Dias-Tachdjian classification.\u0000Results: In day-to-day clinical practice, the fracture itself is usually descriptively classified as a uni-, bi- or trimalleolar fracture. In the Lauge and Hanssen system, supination-adduction ranges from 10 to 20%, supination-external rotation ranges from 40% to 75%, pronation-abduction ranges from 5% to 20% and pronation-external rotation accounts for 5% to 20% of malleolar fractures. The Dias-Tachdjian system shows that supination injuries are more frequent than pronation injuries, accounting for up to 82% of all ankle fractures, with supination-inversion being the most common, accounting for about 61% of all pediatric ankle fractures. With regard to the AO/OTA classification, the most common infrasyndromal fractures are A1 (isolated): 68.9%, followed by A2 (bimalleolar): 24.8% and finally A3 (trimalleolar): 6.3%. Trans-ankle fractures account for 85% of ankle fractures. Suprasyndesmal fractures are type C of the Weber classification and following the AO/OTA classification, type 44C1 would be the most common (5.3%).\u0000Conclusions: the importance of fracture classification systems is crucial in the choice of treatment, both conservative and surgical, as well as in the future prognosis of the affected individual. The most frequent, recognized and used classification systems in ankle fractures at the moment are those of Lauge-Hansen, the AO/OTA system, Danis-Weber in adults and Dias-Tachjian in pediatrics. In addition to the classification systems cited in this article, there are others, which may have relevance depending on the individual situation. It is important to emphasize that most of the classifications are based on a complementary study, such as radiographs or others, so knowing how to order the appropriate study and incidences helps in the future treatment of the patient with the aim of a speedy recovery.\u0000KEY WORDS: classification, fractures, ankle, systems, trauma.","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"8 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A STUDY ON EFFECT OF WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING PROGRAMS AND EMPLOYABILITY AMONG GRADUATES","authors":"Dr. M. Suresh, Anita Ananda","doi":"10.36713/epra17941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17941","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing gap between academic knowledge and practical workplace skills has emphasized the importance of Work Integrated Learning (WIL) programs. These programs, encompassing internships, co-op programs, and industry projects, aim to enhance graduates' employability by integrating real-world experience with academic studies. This study investigates the effect of WIL programs on employability among graduates, focusing on key objectives: evaluating the impact of WIL on employability skills and identifying factors contributing to the success of WIL programs, and proposing recommendations for optimizing these programs. Utilizing secondary data and a comprehensive literature review, the findings reveal that WIL programs significantly improve employability skills and job acquisition rates. Graduates who participate in WIL programs are more likely to secure employment and find jobs relevant to their fields of study. This research underscores the value of WIL programs in preparing graduates for the workforce and provides actionable insights for educational institutions and policymakers to optimize WIL implementation.\u0000KEYWORDS: Work Integrated Learning (WIL), Graduates Employability, Industry Partnerships, Career Readiness, Workforce Preparation, Experiential Learning","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"89 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LIVED EXPERIENCES OF COORDINATORS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (SHS) WORK IMMERSION: A QUALITATIVE STUDY","authors":"Mary Ann B. Muyco, Mike M. Leopardas","doi":"10.36713/epra17913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17913","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore and understand the lived experiences of Coordinators in the implementation of Senior High School (SHS) Work Immersion of Davao del Norte Division. Seven (7) work immersion coordinators have participated and undergone an In-Depth-Interview and six (6) have participated and undergone Focus Group Discussion. The study was gleaned through the Experiential Learning Theory which suggests that experiential learning is all about investigating the nature of experience and the method of learning from it. As to the participants’ experiences, six (6) themes emerged: encountering obstacles in establishing industry partners, organizing documents, working closely with colleagues, administering orientation, contributing to students’ needs, and fostering personal growth. With regards to their coping mechanisms, six (6) themes emerged: obtaining support from school heads, receiving support from academic network, exercising foresight and integrity, turning to community and stakeholders for assistance, securing the cooperation of the local government unit, and seeking for divine direction. Lastly, their insights revealed six (6) major themes: nurture students, cultivate strong relationship with industry partners, formulate plan of action and adhere to guidelines, augment duration of work engagement experiences, expand the community of industry collaborations, and work on personal growth. The results are believed to be significant for work immersion coordinators, school principals, teachers, students, parents, stakeholders, industry partners, and Department of Education regarding the journey of work immersion coordinators. \u0000KEYWORDS: education, work immersion, work immersion coordinator, industry partner, qualitative-phenomenological study, Carmen, Davao del Norte.","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"38 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WOMEN AFTER FIFTY-NUTRITION AND DIETETICS","authors":"J. Sridevi","doi":"10.36713/epra17847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17847","url":null,"abstract":"As women age, their metabolisms start to slow down, and generally there is a decline in the normal activity. Therefore, women after 50 years of age, may find it more and more difficult to maintain healthy body weights. Fortunately, a proper diet and regular exercise helps keep women in their 50s looking and feeling their best. At age 50, most women require between 1900 and 2000 calories daily to maintain healthy weights. Women who are above 50 should limit or completely avoid certain foods to help maintain healthy body weights and reduce their risk for chronic diseases, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and type-2 diabetes. Eating plenty of protein-rich foods in the right time, helps maintain lean muscle mass. For healthy weight management and to minimize disease risks, women should choose fiber-rich carbs, protein rich fermented foods and heart-healthy fats.\u0000KEY WORDS: Metabolic changes, Diet and Exercise, Dietary needs, Psychological needs","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"83 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REVIEW ON THE USE OF KUKKUTA(HEN) IN SARPAVISHA (SNAKE POISON) CHIKITSA AS FOLKLORE MEDICINE","authors":"Dr. Rajath M, Dr. AshwinKumar S. Bharathi, Dr. Akbersha. A","doi":"10.36713/epra17844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17844","url":null,"abstract":"Snake bites are a major public health concern in India, particularly in rural areas where they are one of the leading causes of death. Despite advancements in medical treatments such as specific anti-venoms tailored to various snake venoms, about 70% of the rural Indian population continues to rely on traditional Folk Medicine practices. These practices, which vary significantly across different regions, often involve unique and localized methods to address snake envenomation.\u0000One such distinctive practice involves the use of live hens in a treatment known as \"Kukkuta\" or \"Hen Therapy\" for snake bite management, particularly for cases involving \"Sarpa visha\" (snake venom). In this traditional method, the folklore practitioner places the anal region of a hen over the bite site. It is believed that the suction action of the hen's anal muscles extracts the venom from the bite. This process may involve using several hens depending on the perceived quantity and type of venom. After the procedure, the hens, now assumed to be venom-laden, are sacrificed and buried.\u0000This practice, while deeply rooted in cultural traditions and local beliefs, underscores the significant gap between modern medical solutions and the reliance on traditional methods in rural India. Addressing this gap requires not only the provision of accessible medical care but also educational efforts to dispel myths and misconceptions about snake bites and their treatments.\u0000The information for the present article has been collected from folklore practitioner Mr Thippeswamy from Sangenahalli village of Hiriyur Taluk Chitradurga district of Karnataka State.","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"70 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECTIVENESS OF SWISS BALL EXERCISE VERSUS FLOOR EXERCISE ON CORE MUSCLE ENDURANCE IN ATHLETES","authors":"K. Manikandan, Priya Kumari","doi":"10.36713/epra17764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17764","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Core muscles serve as a critical bridge for force transfer between the upper and lower limbs, playing a vital role in body stabilization and force generation during sports activities. The core is visualized as a box comprising the abdominal muscles (front), para-spinals and gluteus muscles (back), diaphragm (roof), and pelvic floor and hip girdle musculature (bottom). Within this structure, the inner unit (transverse abdominals, multifidus, pelvic floor and hip musculature) provides internal stability, while the outer unit (rectus abdominals, external and internal obliques) facilitates movement and external stability. Effective core performance requires coordination of these muscles to maintain posture, balance and functional movement.\u0000Methodology: This true experimental, comparative study employed random sampling via the lottery method, involving 30 male athletes aged 17-24. Conducted over four weeks at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the study utilized the McGill Torso Muscular Endurance Test Battery (trunk flexor, lateral flexors (right and left), and extensor endurance tests) to measure core muscle endurance. Tools used included a Swiss ball, mat, high couch, board or step, stopwatch, and rope. Participants were divided into three groups: Group A (Floor Exercise), Group B (Swiss Ball Exercise), and Group C (Control Group).\u0000Procedure: Pre-assessments were conducted using the McGill Torso Endurance Test Battery. Over four weeks, Group A performed floor exercises, Group B performed Swiss ball exercises, and Group C received no specific exercise intervention. Post-assessments followed, comparing pre- and post-test results to determine the effectiveness of each exercise regimen on core muscle endurance.\u0000Discussion and Results: All groups showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) in core muscle endurance. Inter-group analysis revealed that Group B (Swiss Ball Exercise) had more significant improvements in all measures (flexor, extensor, right and left lateral flexion) compared to Group A (Floor Exercise) and Group C (Control Group). The unstable surface of the Swiss ball increased muscle recruitment and spinal stabilization, providing a dynamic training environment that enhanced core muscle performance.\u0000Conclusion: Intra-group analysis indicated that all three groups improved core muscle endurance. However, inter-group analysis demonstrated that Swiss Ball exercises were more effective than floor exercises and no intervention in enhancing core muscle endurance.\u0000KEYWODS: Core Muscle Endurance, Swiss Ball Exercises, Floor Exercises, Athletes","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"58 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL STRESSORS (PPS) AS FACTORS AFFECTING SUICIDAL TENDENCY AMONG TEACHERS","authors":"Federico P Oclarit Jr, Jose C Agoylo Jr, Jorene Mae J Tagud","doi":"10.36713/epra17776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17776","url":null,"abstract":"There has been growing attention on the effects of psychosocial hazards and risks and work-related stress among researchers and policymakers. Work-related stress is now generally acknowledged as a global issue affecting all professionals. This study aims to investigate the relationship between personal and professional stressors as factors affecting suicidal tendencies among teachers. In doing so, this will hopefully lessen the tendency of teachers to commit suicide. Thus, this study will enable teachers to reflect on the impacts of stress that trigger them for suicidal tendencies. The identified respondents constitute the newly hired teachers of the IAD III, particularly from the districts of San Ricardo and Pintuyan. These respondents are made to answer an adapted/researcher-made questionnaire and interview guide to gather necessary data. Findings revealed due to the negative and alarming impact of stress on teachers’ life, such as ineffective teaching, poor teaching-learning performance, and general health status, putting effective measures in place is pertinent to their academic success. In terms of relationships, it was found that by identifying the main causes of stress which can be personal and professional stressors or a combination of both that includes changes in lifestyle, increased workload, new responsibilities, and interpersonal relationships, and finding the appropriate remedy will help minimize suicidal attempt among teachers due to maladaptation in a general sense.\u0000KEYWORDS: maladaptation, pertinent, psychosocial hazards, stressors, suicidal tendency.","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SKIN CANCER SCOPING REVIEW","authors":"Bryam Esteban Coello García, Eliana Maitee Sánchez Gómez, Estefanny Dayana Villafuerte Ruiz, Byron Fabián Pinos Reyes, Rossanny Cecilia Gómez González, Cecibel Carolina Mogrovejo Zúñiga, Juan Carlos Cárdenas Gómez, Natalia María Serrano Centeno, Karen Johanna Montalvan Rodríguez, Adriana Belén Moreno Reyna","doi":"10.36713/epra17842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17842","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: skin cancer is a pathology with an important frequency in the world, it is generally divided as non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) or melanoma. The exact incidence of skin cancer is complex to establish due to lack of diagnostic criteria and sometimes underreporting.\u0000Objective: to detail current information related to skin cancer, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment, treatment, differential diagnosis and skin cancer in children.\u0000Methodology: a total of 32 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 23 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant to this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: skin cancer, melanoma, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma.\u0000Results: Skin cancer is found in all races worldwide. However, the risk is substantially higher in those with fair skin because of the photoprotective effects of epidermal melanin. In fair-skinned individuals, about 75% to 80% of nonmelanoma skin cancers are basal cell carcinomas and about 25% are squamous cell carcinomas. Immunosuppression significantly increases the risk of forming cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma throughout life. The incidence of melanoma in pediatric individuals has decreased in recent years. Childhood and adolescent melanoma is not common and accounts for only 1.3% of all cancer cases in individuals under 20 years of age. However, between 15 and 19 years of age, melanoma represents approximately 7% of all cancers.\u0000Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of skin cancers worldwide, sometimes going unnoticed and causing important consequences. The diagnosis and treatment of these neoplasms is a significant health problem, which can sometimes be prevented. The places most affected are those with the greatest exposure to the sun, so adequate sun protection is crucial to prevent skin cancer. In addition to knowing the pathology, its types and characteristics, it is important to perform a proper skin examination for the correct diagnosis, control and management. Currently there are multiple treatment alternatives such as surgical excision, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiation, which show positive aspects against this pathology.\u0000KEY WORDS: cancer, melanoma, carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, skin.","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROGRAMS IMPLEMENTED AT TAHANAN NI MARIA: A CASE STUDY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT AND REHABILITATION","authors":"Odessa G. Lacanilao, Clara J. Carpio","doi":"10.36713/epra17830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17830","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the rehabilitation programs implemented at Tahanan ni Maria, focusing on how these programs empower and contribute to the holistic development of their beneficiaries. The study gathers data on various services provided, including social, homelife, educational, psychological/psychiatric, health, economic productivity or skills training, recreational sports, developmental, and spiritual services. The survey employs a five-point Likert scale to measure the extent of implementation and the challenges encountered in the implementation of the programs.\u0000The findings revealed that all rehabilitation programs are highly implemented, with an overall weighted mean score of 4.76. Specific services such as educational, social, and spiritual services obtained the highest implementation ratings, indicating their significant role in supporting the beneficiaries’ development. However, the study identifies several challenges that hinder the program’s effectiveness, including lack of staff, limited funding, and resistance and stigma from some beneficiaries and their families.\u0000Recommendations to address these challenges include increasing staffing levels, securing additional funding, enhancing staff training, combating societal stigma through education programs and fostering better coordination with other agencies and organizations. By executing this recommendations, Tahanan ni Maria can enhance its rehabilitation programs certifying more comprehensive support and empowerment for its beneficiaries.\u0000KEYWORDS: Tahanan ni Maria, Rehabilitation Programs, Empowerment, Rehabilitation","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"42 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A SCIENTIFIC STUDY ON HEART RATE AND MUSCULAR ENDURANCE OF AEROBIC, ANAEROBIC AND COMBINED AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC ACTIVITIES AMONG ELITE WOMEN","authors":"Polakala Krishna Moorthy, Dr K Rama Subba Reddy","doi":"10.36713/epra17808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36713/epra17808","url":null,"abstract":"A planned, systematic and chronic training regimen will always leads to significant adaptations on physical and cardiac functions. The heart is an involuntary organ which directly get impact by any systematic training protocol as compared to any other organ of the body, based on this the investigator is throwing a light on how a long distance running training, middle distance running and weight lifting training protocol leads to a significant impact on heart rate at rest and muscular endurance. To fulfill the objectives of the study the investigator has chosen (N=45) elite women volunteered athletes of each (N=15) of long distance running, middle distance running and weight lifting, between 18 to 22 years. All the volunteered elite athletes are trained by their coaches for about 7 to 9 years. The selected criterian parameters are Heart Rate at rest (HR) and Muscular endurance, and they were measure by M- Mode Doppler Echocardiography with the support of qualified cardiologist and bent knee sit-ups (1 min) respectively. The level of significance is set at 0.01 level of assurance. The investigator has concluded that a regular and systematic long distance running, middle distance running and weight lifting training have significantly brought desired changes in heart rate at rest and muscular endurance as compared the normal, healthy, and untrained women reference values. Further, the investigation come to an that the long distance running has significantly lowered heart rate at rest, and significantly enhanced muscular endurance as compared to the middle distance running and weight lifting groups. In ordered to find out the significant difference the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. When the ‘F’ ratio is significant, the Scheffe’s post-hock test was used to find the paired mean significant difference, if any, among the groups of chosen parameters.\u0000KEYWORDS: long distance running, middle distance running, weight lifting, heart rate at rest, muscular endurance","PeriodicalId":309586,"journal":{"name":"EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141808598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}