Ethiopian Journal of Economics最新文献

{"title":"ETHIOPIA’S ACCESSION TO WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND THE IMPLICATIONS TO ITS FINANCIAL SECTOR POLICIES","authors":"Semahagn Gashu","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71413","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia’s Accession to World Trade Organization (WTO) has a number of implications to existing economic and financial sector polices of the country. Assessing major areas of possible policy amendments and reversals is critically important in the financial sector for the accession process as well as its aftermath. This paper attempted to deal with this issue based on qualitative policy analysis. It is found that a comparative analysis of the existing financial sector policies vis-a-vis the principles and practices of WTO suggests that there are different policies in the financial sector system that are incompatible with requirements of the General Agreement on Trade in Services ( GATS) and the practices in trade negotiations. One of such incompatibility is related to the existing policy that prohibits the participation of foreign financial institutions in the domestic financial market. It is submitted that the way forward for Ethiopia is gradual and selective liberalization of the financial sector that may balance protection of social and economic policy objectives on the one hand and integrating the financial sector to the ever expanding global financial market rather than complete closure of the sector from international competition. In addition to this, since accession to WTO and undertaking any commitment in the service sector under GATS require the existence of transparent financial laws and regulations, effective judicial system and strong financial regulatory organ including the need to revisit the existing restriction in international payments, there is compelling need to make the necessary policy amendments in the financial sector regulatory framework.","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116890023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban fuel demand in Ethiopia: an almost‐ideal demand system approach ♣","authors":"Z. Gebreegziabher, A. Oskam, B. Demeke","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71414","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the opportunities for reducing the pressure of urban centers on rural forest areas, using a dataset of 350 urban households in Tigrai in northern Ethiopia. We applied an almost-ideal demand system to fuels. The results suggest that reducing the pressure of urban centers on local forests cannot be seen in isolation from broader development policies aimed at raising the level of education and income of the population. Higher income also stimulates the demand for fuel.","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123446192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foreign Exchange Rationing and Wheat Markets in Ethiopia","authors":"P. Dorosh, H. Ahmed","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V20I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V20I2","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of remarkable growth in Ethiopia’s agricultural production and overall real incomes (GDP/capita) from 2004/05 to 2008/09, prices of major cereals (teff, maize, wheat and sorghum) have fluctuated sharply in both nominal and real terms. International prices of cereals also fluctuated widely, particularly between 2006 and 2008. However, the links between Ethiopia’s domestic cereal markets and the international market are by no means straightforward. Among the major staples, only wheat is imported or exported on a significant scale. And frequent changes in trade and macro-economic policies, movements in international prices and fluctuations in domestic production have at times eliminated incentives for private sector imports of wheat. From July 2005 to March 2007, private sector wheat imports were profitable and domestic wheat prices closely tracked import parity prices. Then, from April 2007 to May 2008, good domestic harvests coincided with increase international wheat prices, so private sector wheat imports were no longer profitable. Most recently, rationing of foreign exchange for imports effectively stopped private sector wheat imports beginning in about April 2008. Partial equilibrium analysis shows,however, that government imports and sales in 2008-09 effectively increased domestic supply and lowered market wheat prices. These sales at the low official price also implied that recipient households, traders and flour mills enjoyed a significant subsidy. Allowing the private sector access to foreign exchange for wheat imports or auctioning government wheat imports in domestic markets would eliminate these rents and generate additional government revenue, while having the same effect on market prices as government subsidized sales.","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122017874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Education as a means of smooth rural-urban migration: some evidences from Ethiopia","authors":"S. Ali","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71412","url":null,"abstract":"This paper models the impact of education on rural-urban migration in selected villages of Ethiopia. Level of education is found to be significant in triggering rural-urban migration even after accounting for its indirect effect on migration through earnings differential. This may support the argument that education changes the preferences of individuals in rural villages in favour of public goods that are found in urban centers over cultural ‘status goods’ in rural areas. Income differential in the migration decision model is positive and significant lending support to the standard Harris-Todaro model.","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116176951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of private investment in Ethiopia: a time series study","authors":"Ambachew Mekonnen Sisay","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71845","url":null,"abstract":"In the growth literature, investment has been regarded as one of the primary engines of growth. Growth theories emphasise the importance of investment in determining the level of income (neoclassical) and the pace of economic growth (endogenous growth model). However, the Ethiopian private investment performance has been weak for long time. It had been stagnantly low until the end of the socialist regime. In spite of little improvement in the post‐socialist era, the share of private investment in GDP has never been above 6 percent even until 2003. Yet, the reasons behind the weak performance have not been well studied. Hence, investigating the performance trend and maim constraints of private investment in Ethiopia becomes the core theme of this study. Targeting at addressing a question of what measures should be taken to promote investment in the country, the research proceeds to test empirically whether demand augmenting and trade liberalization policies, improved infrastructural facilities, macroeconomic and political stabilities improve the private investment performance of Ethiopia. Motivated by the modified version of the Flexible Accelerator Model of investment behaviour, the empirical investigation employs a multivariate single equation ECM estimation methodology on integrated of order one, I(1), variables using annual time‐series data sets for 1950‐2003 and two sub‐periods. According to the estimation results, private investment in Ethiopia is influenced positively by domestic market, return to capital, trade openness and liberalization measures, infrastructural facilities and FDI; but, negatively by government activities, macroeconomic uncertainty and political instability. Hence, enhancing demand augmenting and trade liberalization policies, improving infrastructural facilities and maintaining macroeconomic and political stabilities should be among the main ingredients of a policy package designed to promote private investment in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the operations of the public sector and other institutions will need new thinking. Keywords: Investment, Determinants, Time‐Series, ECM, Ethiopia","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126867377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adoption of improved technology in Ethiopia","authors":"A. Admassie, G. Ayele","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V19I1.71416","url":null,"abstract":"One of the means by which farm level productivity can be increased is through the introduction and dissemination of improved agricultural technologies to farmers. This is possible if and only if, information on the adoption and risk taking behaviour of farmers is known in advance. While some studies have attempted to assess the factors behind the adoption behaviour of farmers, they have either been limited in scope or they focused on few selected locations and/or commodities. The objective of this study is to identify the factors, which exert significant influence on the adoption behaviour of farmers and the intensity of adoption from a nation survey. A total of 1920 farm household heads drawn from four National Regional States were included in the survey. The result shows that younger farmers, famers with larger land size, farmer living closer to market, and farmers who had closer contact with the extension system are more likely to adopt new technology and use it more. The result underscores the need for research and extension programs to be sensitive to the needs of farmers when developing and disseminating technologies that are relevant to their agro‐ecologies","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131117756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Alternative Estimators of Macro-Economic Model of Ethiopia","authors":"A. Atsedeweyn, O. Olubusoye","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V18I1.59932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V18I1.59932","url":null,"abstract":"During the past 5 decades a number of econometric techniques were developed and applied to a variety of econometric relationships to deal with the problem of single equation estimation as well as simultaneous equations bias. These days, such methods have very wide applications especially in more developed countries. However, there has been very little attempt to apply these techniques to empirical relationships describing the macro-economic sector of developing countries in general and Ethiopia in particular. In this study, a small macroeconometric model of Ethiopia is used to identify the best estimation techniques that will produce accurate forecast of the economy of Ethiopia. Six econometric methods were considered. The prediction accuracy of these estimators was examined using time series data covering the period 1970 to 2004. The results indicated that considerable gain in forecasting accuracy can be achieved by using 2SLSAUT01 and 2SLSAUT02 than simple ordinary least squares or two stage least squares to estimate macro-economic models.  Key Words: Econometric Techniques, Econometric Models, Ethiopia, Prediction","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131796834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of income diversification in rural Ethiopia: Evidence from panel data","authors":"Lemi Adugna","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V18I1.59930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V18I1.59930","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to examine the determinants of income diversification in rural Ethiopia. Rural households allocate their work time between farm and of-farm activities to have secure income (consumption) for their family members. However, it is not clear why some households participate only in farm activities while others engage in both. Using survey data collected from 1500 rural households in 1994 and 1997, this study investigates the impacts of demographic, economic, and risk factors on participation and intensity of off-farm activities. The results of the study show that families with high dependency ratio, female household heads, high livestock value, and poor quality of land participated less in off-farm activities. Competition between off-farm and farm activities and effects of seasonality were more apparent from the intensity results than from participation. Increased crop production and sale of part of production during the main harvest season led households to engage less in off-farm activities. The results also confirm that off-farm activities were practiced as a means of subsistence when crop production fails; otherwise farmers abandon off-farm activities. Key Words: Dynamic Livelihood, Off-farm Income, Diversification, Ethiopia","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123926670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of perennial cash croppin on food crop productivity.","authors":"At Debela","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V18I1.59928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V18I1.59928","url":null,"abstract":"The argument for promoting cash crops in developing countries has generally been based on their contribution to small farmer incomes and their impact on other household activities such as household crop production through interlinked markets. While these arguments are supported by some empirical results, there is little information on the impacts cash cropping can have on these household activities in the absence of interlinked markets. In addition, the impacts of cash cropping may depend on the types of cash crops studied, time and place. Perennial cash crops (PCC) can relax household liquidity constraints for purchasing productive inputs, maintain soil fertility and moisture and save inputs such as seeds and draft power, which can be used for food crop production even in the absence of arrangements for interlinked markets. In this study we build on previous studies by developing key hypotheses by which PCC (Chat, coffee and sugarcane) affect food crop production and the implication for household food security. In addition, we look at the link between perennial food crop, enset (Ensette venttricosum), and other annual food crops. We empirically measure these effects using survey data on 150 rural households collected in 1999 in Ethiopia. Our results indicate that-after controlling for conventional inputs, household wealth variables, education and other variables, higher chat (Catta edulis) production is associated with reduced value of food crop yields and total value of food crop production. On the other hand, higher sugarcane production is correlated with higher value of total food crop production and productivity. Moreover, more intensive coffee production is associated with more intensive enset production. However, production of coffee and enset do not have significant effects on food crop production and productivity. These results suggest that while farmers can gain from sugarcane production through cash income and its impact on food crops, coffee and enset can be produced to bring additional income to the household at no significant cost to food crops. The real impact of chat on the welfare of households should be viewed in terms of its opportunity costs and its contribution to household income. Keywords: Ethiopia, Cash crops, Food crops, Productivity, Enset.","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123427913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuel Efficient Technology Adoption In Ethiopia: Evidence From Improved “Mirt” Stove Technology: A Case In Selected Kebeles From “Adea” Wereda","authors":"W. Dawit","doi":"10.4314/EJE.V17I2.47314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJE.V17I2.47314","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing scarcity of biomass and the increment of the number of people who use biomass, particularly firewood, threaten the capability of the country even to maintain the already existing low income and living standard of the people. Therefore, the need for adopting improved “Mirt” stove technology not only enables the households to use fuel efficiently, but it will enable them to curb the problems caused by using traditional and open fire stoves as well as biomass energy related problems. It can also mitigate the impacts on the users’ health, the overall environment and natural resources brought by using those traditional and open fire stoves. With two estimated equations, that is information and adoption equation. This study result reveals that improvement in socio economic conditions of the people have positive impact on information acquisition and access in urban and rural households. Moreover, the result supports the “energy Ladder” hypothesis as theoretical and functional useful framework to explain the fuel use and improved technology adoption in the study area. The findings also reveal that socio-economic improvement have direct and significant impact on adoption decision. This finding also reinforces the role of government and non-government organizations to play a major role in information diffusion and to enhance the adoption decision of the people to protect the country’s natural resources and to resolve environmental problems that arise due to excessive utilization of biomass resources.","PeriodicalId":307872,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121269812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}