System Research in Energy最新文献

{"title":"Forecasting the output of coalproducts in thepost-warperiod in Ukraine","authors":"V. Makarov","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2024.01.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2024.01.035","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to adjust the previously developed forecasts of the development of the Ukrainian coal industry, as well as to determine the appropriate volumes of coal production for the energy sector and the country's economy as a whole. Due to the loss of all mines in Luhansk region and some mines in Donetsk region as a result of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the forecast scenarios for the development of the coal industry of Ukraine for the period up to 2040 were adjusted. To adjust the forecast scenarios for the development of the coal industry, the software subsystem for forecasting coal production in Ukraine was used in the context of instability of the structure of the country's fuel bases arising from the effect of extraordinary force factors, in particular martial law, temporary occupation of the territory of Ukraine, and the. The software was created to enable a quick assessment of the impact of emergencies situations in the country on production volumes in the coal industry and to take them into account when developing forecasts of fuel supply to the economy and the country's energy balance as a whole. The software is created on the basis of databases detailing professional forecasts of the coal industry development by coal mining facilities, taking into account mining, geological, technological, economic and social features of coal mining enterprises, as well as possible scenarios of their technological re-equipment and optimization of production sites, and allows adjusting such forecasts by changing the expected production status of a mine in the event of force majeure. According to the adjusted scenarios, the volumes of coal production to meet the needs of the thermal power industry, metallurgical industry and other sectors of the economy for the period up to 2040 were determined. Keywords: coal industry, production, coal products, forecast, development, scenarios.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"284 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140454225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taking into account limitations on greenhouse gas emissions in the fuel consumption forecasting model at the national level","authors":"O. Maliarenko, N. Ivanenko","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2024.01.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2024.01.073","url":null,"abstract":"Energy demand forecasting models have been developed at the General Energy Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for decades. An improved normative method is known, which takes into account, the technological and structural potential of energy saving; a new complex method of forecasting the demand for energy resources, which was developed by Kulyk M.M. and improved by taking into account the fuel for conversion; life cycle models that have been extensively improved at the Institute over the past decade for various areas (nuclear energy, coal industry, oil and gas industry); the balance method developed for coal demand forecasting. These models were used in the development of Energy Strategies in Ukraine with the participation of the General Energy Institute. The actual problem is taking into account environmental restrictions in these models, which Ukraine undertook as a signatory of the Paris Agreement. Ukraine`s updated 2021 National Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement of (NDC2), which was developed to implement environmental commitments, limits the forecast levels of greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 up to 35 % of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990. It is assumed that the same limitation can be applied to fuel consumption. The purpose of the article is to develop a mathematical model for forecasting fuel demand by taking into account the limit of greenhouse gas emissions in 2030, which allows to choose such forecast scenarios of fuel demand that, according to the total forecast volumes of greenhouse gas emissions from its consumption, meet the accepted restrictions. The article discusses the consumption of coal and oil products. Estimated volumes of coal and petroleum products consumption in case of structural and/or technological changes are calculated. An assessment of technological measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in various sectors of the Ukrainian economy is presented. Keywords: fuel, forecast, GDP, greenhouse gases, emissions limitation.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"206 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140454371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the energy saving potential by regions of Ukraine (methodology and predictive assessment)","authors":"N. Maistrenko, V. Horskyi","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2024.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2024.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the research is the develop methods and tools for long-term forecasting of electricity consumption based on the improved comprehensive method of demand for energy resources, taking into account the peculiarities of electricity use in the regions of Ukraine and their impact on the country's electricity consumption. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the consideration of the technological potential of regional electricity conservation by means of electricity conservation measures typical for the regions. Thus, a complex method, a mathematical model, and a methodology for determining the forecast demand for electricity for three hierarchical levels of the economy were further developed. In these levels, the following groups of indicators are distinguished for forecasting electricity consumption: country, region, local level, or types of economic activity in the region. The formed three-level model (level I, level II, level III) takes into account both the general potential of electricity conservation (from structural and technological changes) in the country as a whole, and peculiarities at the regional level (region, city, village, settlement, territorial community) in certain (selected) types of economic activity in production (service provision). In the course of the work, material was collected on energy-saving measures in energy-intensive industries and forecasts of the development of certain types of production and service provision. These estimates determined the technological potential of energy saving in the regions. The 12 regions with the largest electricity consumption are highlighted, and the other regions are combined. In the region, the potential of electricity saving was distributed according to the structure of electricity consumption according to the types of economic activity inherent in this region. The technological potential of electricity conservation in the country will reach 10.35 billion kWh. Keywords: region, electricity-saving, electricity-saving potential, forecasting, energy efficiency, electricity.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"325 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140454526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocomposite coatings for wear protection at high temperatures","authors":"V. Shchepetov, Sergii Kharchenko, Olena Kharchenko, Gennadii Dolzhenko","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2024.01.065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2024.01.065","url":null,"abstract":"The investigation results of friction and wear of the developed detonation composite coatings FeAl2-Ti-Si-B under high-temperature friction conditions are presented. The choice of FeAl2-Ti-Si-B composition and its optimal content for spraying wear-resistant coatings loaded with friction under high-temperature conditions are justified. It is noted that the alloying elements at definite concentrations and technological parameters of spraying have a positive influence on the structure, properties, and quality assurance of multicomponent coatings. It is shown that the introduction of silicon and boron contributes the formation of hard-alloy high-temperature compounds with increased wear resistance. The maximum microhardness corresponds to the Cr-Si coatings with ~ 28 % titan content. In addition, the mechanical properties of the obtained material are improved by additional alloying of ~ 22 % silicon and bor. In turn, the coatings plating at a working gas flow rate in a ratio for acetylene ~ (20/25) l/min and oxygen ~ (22/27) l/min provides the chemical composition and spraying process parameters permanence as well as constant properties of coatings. The obtained results show that for the coatings of FeAl2-Ti-Si-B system at loading 5.0 MPa, sliding speed 1.5 m/s, and temperature up to 650 °C the stable performance of structural adaptability, which ensures the friction and wear parameters minimization, is demonstrated. The metallographic analysis and strip chart recording of specimens indicate that the friction surfaces are characterized by the absence of visible defects; the separate cold-welded regions are located in thin-film surface layers. The composition, structure, and tribological durability of coatings produced from the elements of the country's resource base were studied; their high adhesion, physical and mechanical characteristics and wear resistance under high-temperature conditions were defined. The thin-film surface structure patterns and properties were investigated with the help of modern physical and chemical methods of analysis. It was determined that the combination of mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of the investigated coatings provides vide opportunities for their usage as effective materials under high-temperature wear conditions. According to the test results, the application of the investigated composite coatings for friction unit efficiency improvement provides their operational reliability in accordance with requirements and opportunities that appear with the development of a new competitive material for wear-resistant coatings obtained with the help of the detonation method. Keywords: detonation coating: wear resistance, surface layer, structural adaptability, temperature.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"70 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140455263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the limit values of electric energy consumption using optimization modeling","authors":"A. Zamulko, Yuliia Chernetska, Anton Prasol","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2024.01.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2024.01.027","url":null,"abstract":"In the heating season of 2022/2023, as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation and targeted attacks on electric power facilities, a significant shortage of electric energy occurred in the Integrated power system of Ukraine. Restriction schedules and emergency disconnection of consumers were forcibly applied. In the conditions of such an unprecedented violation of the security of electricity supply, the problem of determining the limit values of electric energy and power consumption has gained new relevance for the electricity market participants. In this study, the problem of determining the optimal limit values of electricity consumption based on the criterion of maximum income from its sale to three groups of consumers was set and solved: \"Critical infrastructure\", \"Households\" and \"Non-household consumers\". The formation of the three specified groups is related to price discrimination in the electricity market and the need to supply critical infrastructure facilities without limits. The decision variables in the optimization model are proposed to be specified in fractions of the provision of electrical energy needs (unit fractions), which allows for establishing equal conditions regarding restrictions for all distribution system operators. To take into account the social significance of electric energy as a commodity, an additional constraint was included to the basic optimization model: the lower limit of the decision variable for the \"Households\" group. Approbation of the proposed optimization model was carried out using spreadsheet modeling in MS Excel on reported data on the results of electrical load measurements on regime days. The results of computational experiments are presented for the conditions of different values of the deficit of electric energy in the Integrated power system of Ukraine and different values of the additional constraint for the «Households» group, in particular, quantitative estimates of the consequences of the included constraints for the functioning of the electricity market. The proposed method of determining the limit values of electric energy consumption allows to formalize the procedure for decision-making according to predetermined rules and thereby achieve a fair distribution of limited resources. Keywords: electric energy consumption, shortage, limit value, optimization modelling, spreadsheet model.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"491 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140454034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous light-guide control of melts temperature in induction furnaces","authors":"L. Zhukov, D. Petrenko","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2024.01.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2024.01.054","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the question of the most effective for the full use of the induction furnaces technological flexibility continuous temperature control. The aim of the work is to create a light-guide technology for continuous temperature control of the processes of induction melting, treatment and pouring of liquid metal in metallurgy of machine building. The investigations of crucible and channel, melting, holding and pouring induction furnaces from the standpoint of light-guide thermometry have been developed. Materials, designs, as well as technologies of manufacturing, mounting and safe operation of the light-guide and auxiliary devices have also been investigated. Using the results of complex studies, the base light-guide thermometry system, general and particular methods of the light-guide temperature measurements have been developed. On the base of the Huygens construction, as well as the laws of geometric and crystal optics, techniques for calculation of the optical characteristics of the light-guide and focusing devices, as well as schemes of their optical joint have been developed. These techniques increase the metrological characteristics of the light-guide thermometry. Standard construction of the secondary part of thermometry system requires classical pyrometry methods application. These methods are acceptable for continuously operated metallurgical aggregates, where stable emissivity of the light-guide operating end takes place. The secondary part of thermometry system has been modernized in order to widen application field of light-guide thermometry on periodically operated metallurgical aggregates where emissivity of light-guide immersion end randomly changes. Modernized secondary part is purposed for spectral (multicolor) pyrometry methods realization. These methods minimize influence of the instability of emissivity of light-guide immersion end on methodical errors of temperature measurements. Research and industrial exploitation, at domestic and foreign enterprises, have shown obvious metrological advantages of the light-guide thermometry technology in comparison with known solutions. Implementation of the light-guide thermometry systems on induction furnaces has high technical-economic efficiency, including by reduction the spoilage of metal products and resource costs for production. Keywords: induction furnace, continuous temperature control, light-guide thermometry, amorphous, poly- and single-crystalline materials, measurement error, Huygens construction, technical-economic efficiency.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"361 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140454457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some features of air pollution monitoring as a component of the microclimate of the premises","authors":"A. Zaporozhets, V. Babak, G. Kostenko, A. Sverdlova, O. Dekusha, Serhii Kornienko","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2023.04.065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.04.065","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of living space largely depends on the quality of indoor air. The physical and chemical properties of the air people breathe can affect their health and comfort. Indoor air pollution in residential and workplace environments can occur due to various activities of occupants or employees, such as cooking, smoking, and using electronic devices, as well as emissions of pollutants from building materials and the use of certain products. Pollutants that can be present indoors include carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, aerosols, biological contaminants, and more. To effectively monitor the quality of atmospheric air, it is necessary to determine the main sources of air pollution, which is the purpose of this study. Naturally, the quality of indoor air cannot be clearly separated from the ambient air quality. The first factor affecting the microclimate is the level of air pollution near the building. Air from the street enters the room through windows, doors, or the building's ventilation system. If the state of the surrounding environment is unfavorable, the concentration of harmful substances indoors may also exceed the norm. However, indoor sources of air pollution in any building can have a much greater impact on the health and comfort of the people inside it. Materials used in construction, such as concrete or mineral insulation, may contain ammonia, formaldehyde, and other substances that are released from building structures over time and deteriorate indoor air quality. Ensuring control and monitoring of indoor air quality is an extremely important task. This includes measuring concentrations of pollutants and identifying their sources. It is also important to adhere to standards and recommendations developed by health and environmental organizations to ensure safety and comfort indoors. To reduce indoor air pollution, various measures can be implemented, such as selecting appropriate building materials, and ventilation, installing purification systems, controlling sources of pollution, and limiting the impact of human activity. Keywords: air pollution, microclimate parameters, air quality monitoring, harmful substances.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139276285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electricity and heat supply technologies for increasing the energy independence of certain territorial communities","authors":"V. Stanytsina, T. Nechaieva, V. Trokhaniak, V. Horskyi, Oleksandr Teslenko","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2023.04.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.04.032","url":null,"abstract":"Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system, which led to the blackout of entire cities and the termination of district heating, highlighted the risks and disadvantages of relying on large-scale district energy supply for communities. In this context, it is important to consider the development of the energy supply of communities in the direction of their energy independence. The purpose of the article is to form a list of electricity generation and heat supply technologies for increasing the energy independence of individual territorial communities, which are appropriate for implementation in Ukraine. The article considers the criteria for the analysis and selection of technologies for distributed power generation and heat supply. An analytical overview of the following power generation and heat supply technologies is presented: solar and wind power plants, gas piston and gas turbine plants, generators, batteries, co- and trigeneration plants, biofuel power plants and heat-generating boilers, heat pumps and electric boilers, and their grouping is performed according to the established criteria. All the considered technologies contribute to reducing the external supply of communities with energy resources and reducing losses during the transmission and distribution of electricity. Technologies that use renewable energy sources and local fuels are appropriate for implementation in communities in accordance with the availability of sufficient amounts of resources. Still, in most cases, they are not able to fully provide communities with electrical and thermal energy due to their insufficient quantity and high cost of equipment, such as batteries and heat pumps. Decisions regarding the implementation of a specific technology of distributed generation should be made after a thorough analysis of the conditions and possibilities of the energy supply of each individual community. This article is aimed at discussing the options of increasing energy independence and ensuring the reliability of the energy supply of territorial communities in Ukraine. Keywords: distributed generation, power generation, heat supply, renewable energy sources, cogeneration, biofuels, heat pumps.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139276470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles of resource-process modeling of territorial communities combined energy supply in the climate change prevention context","authors":"Viktor Kaplun","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2023.04.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.04.055","url":null,"abstract":"The research is devoted to the theoretical and practical substantiation of the principles of formation of systems of combined energy supply with heterogeneous sources to increase the energy efficiency of territorial communities in the conditions of climate change resistance. New approaches and structural models for the formation of local microenergy systems are proposed, which will encourage territorial communities to a new type of activity related to their own energy generation based on the use of local types of fuels and renewable energy sources. The principles of building such local energy supply systems, in general, consist in the rational distribution of resources (renewable sources, sources of combined energy generation using biofuels, energy from external networks) and coordination of the processes of generation, transmission, accumulation, distribution and consumption of energy within the boundaries of a separate territorial community by creating its own high-tech infrastructure assets. The formation of the energy balance in the medium and long term is proposed to be carried out on the basis of a resource-process analysis of the operation of local networks by finding the optimal use of local types of biofuels and renewable sources in the combined generation of electricity and heat, taking into account their current value. The cost of energy for the end consumer is determined by differentiated tariffs of energy supply companies and the use of several heterogeneous sources that participate in the process of decentralized energy production. Mathematical relations are obtained for calculating the values of the time intervals of the execution of a set of parallel processes that arise during the interaction of competing sources of distributed generation with end consumers and establishing the regularities of the formation of the energy balance a micro energy system. The proposed method can be a tool for finding optimal energy efficiency management scenarios of facilities with local energy supply, using operational redistribution of energy flows in the system of combined energy generation and forecasting current costs for energy supply in calculation periods. Such a concept can be a theoretical basis for the formation of principles of energy independence of territorial communities. Keywords: territorial community, combined-heat-and-power-system, renewable energy sources, biofuel, energy balances.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"40 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139276401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the relationship of environmental and energy efficiency indicators at the country level","authors":"O. Maliarenko, N. Ivanenko, Oleksandr Sudarykov","doi":"10.15407/srenergy2023.04.084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.04.084","url":null,"abstract":"The world community strives to develop methods of assessing the most important factors of environmental impact, as well as to develop mechanisms for its adjustment in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the minimum possible level. Increasing environmental efficiency should simultaneously contribute to increasing energy efficiency, which in turn can contribute to increasing the general living standard. When choosing energy-saving measures in industrial technologies, the primary fuel savings and the economic effect of the implementation of the up-to-date technologies are taken into account. This effect, as a rule, includes the cost of saved energy resources, a reduction in operating costs and a reduction in environmental tax. The ecological restrictions determined by Ukraine in the 2021 National Determined Contribution should be taken into account for forecasting primary fuel consumption. As a result, this consumption is limited by the greenhouse gas emissions, which in 2030 should not exceed 35 % compared to 1990. The purpose of the study is to upgrade the existing methodology of comprehensive assessment of energy-saving measures with new environmental restrictions and improved performance indicators based on the identification and formalization of the relationship between energy and environmental indicators. The analysis of the existing environmental indicators and regulatory environmental documents made it possible to choose the environmental indicator of specific CO2 emissions per GDP for the methodology of comprehensive assessment at the country level, to study the regression dependence between this indicator and the fuel capacity of GDP. This graphic analysis allows for determining the marginal fuel capacity of GDP in 2030, which will correspond to the accepted environmental restrictions. Thus, the method of comprehensive assessment of energy-saving measures should be developed for different hierarchical levels of the economy and take into account the marginal fuel capacity of GDP under environmental restrictions. Keywords: GDP energy intensity, specific CO2 emissions, energy efficiency indicators, ecological restrictions.","PeriodicalId":307644,"journal":{"name":"System Research in Energy","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139277052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}