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3D network of graphene materials for alkali metal ion batteries
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2025-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100149
Zhipeng Sun , Yue Wang , Xiangfen Jiang , Yoshio Bando , Xuebin Wang
{"title":"3D network of graphene materials for alkali metal ion batteries","authors":"Zhipeng Sun ,&nbsp;Yue Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangfen Jiang ,&nbsp;Yoshio Bando ,&nbsp;Xuebin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid advancement of the economy, the commercial landscape of lithium-ion batteries has expanded significantly. However, traditional graphite anodes are often inadequate for applications demanding high energy and power densities, such as in drones and electric vehicles, due to limited capacity and rate capability, necessitating enhancements. Emerging sodium and potassium-ion batteries, with resource availability estimated to be 1000 times that of lithium, are particularly suited for grid-level energy storage, supporting photovoltaic systems. Given the physical and chemical advantages of carbon materials, there has been increasing interest in advanced carbon structures for lithium-, sodium-, and potassium-ion batteries. Notably, 3D network of graphene offers pathways for enhanced ion diffusion and electron transport, and its expanded interlayer spacing holds promise for sodium and potassium storage, potentially improving capacity, power, and longevity as a binder-free anode. This review elucidates the preparation techniques for 3D-network graphene, examines its applications in alkali ion battery cathodes and anodes, and discusses future advancements in this area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"7 2","pages":"Article 100149"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Controlling rhodium-based nanomaterials for high-efficiency energy-related electrocatalysis
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2025-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100148
Bin Sun , Wei Zhong , Huimin Liu , Xuan Ai , Shuhe Han , Yu Chen
{"title":"Controlling rhodium-based nanomaterials for high-efficiency energy-related electrocatalysis","authors":"Bin Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Zhong ,&nbsp;Huimin Liu ,&nbsp;Xuan Ai ,&nbsp;Shuhe Han ,&nbsp;Yu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design and control of rhodium (Rh)-based nanomaterials have become critical strategies for enhancing electrocatalyst performance in energy-related applications. Recent advancements in this field have led to the development of diverse Rh-based nanostructures with tailored properties, achieving significant improvements in catalytic efficiency and durability. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of Rh-based nanomaterials, and their roles in electrocatalysis is vital for advancing future research and application. This review systematically summarizes design strategies and structural characteristics of various Rh-based nanomaterials, including three-dimensional (3D), two-dimensional (2D), one-dimensional (1D), zero-dimensional (0D) structures such as clusters and single-atom catalysts. Additionally, we highlight electrochemical performance enhancement strategies through catalyst design, including surface and interface engineering, strain engineering, defect engineering, and alloying effect. Furthermore, we discuss their applications in critical electrocatalytic reactions, including water electrolysis, nitrogen cycle processes, and fuel cell cathode and anode reactions, while analyzing their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms. This review serves as a critical link between material design and electrocatalytic performance of Rh-based nanomaterials, offering an invaluable reference for researchers in the field. Finally, we also identify key challenges and propose future opportunities to inspire the rational design of Rh-based catalysts for sustainable energy technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"7 2","pages":"Article 100148"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research progress of coordination materials for electrocatalytic nitrogen oxides species conversion into high-value chemicals
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100146
Xianlong Liu, Peisen Liao, Wenpei Liao, Shuhao Wang, Guangqin Li
{"title":"Research progress of coordination materials for electrocatalytic nitrogen oxides species conversion into high-value chemicals","authors":"Xianlong Liu,&nbsp;Peisen Liao,&nbsp;Wenpei Liao,&nbsp;Shuhao Wang,&nbsp;Guangqin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pervasive utilization of fossil fuels precipitates a surge in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, adversely impacting both environmental quality and human well-being. How to effectively manage these waste products is a global issue. Electrochemical NO<sub>x</sub> reduction powered by renewable energy represents an innovative strategy for environmental remediation and synthesis of valuable nitrogen-containing chemicals. Coordination materials with flexible regulatory characteristics have emerged as promising candidates in the electro-conversion of NO<sub>x</sub> into valuable nitrogen-containing chemicals, including inorganics (ammonia and hydroxylamine), and organic compounds (amino acids, oximes, urea, amides, and amines). This review delineates recent advancements in the utilization of coordination materials for the electrochemical conversion of NO<sub>x</sub> into valuable nitrogenous chemicals, aiming to build a novel bridge between inorganic and organic chemistry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"7 2","pages":"Article 100146"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Activity rationalization and mechanism tracking of CO2 photoreduction over 2D-based layered-bismuth-oxyhalides
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100143
Malik Zeeshan Shahid , Minghua Xu , Xiaowen Ruan , Lei Zhang , Xiaoqiang Cui
{"title":"Activity rationalization and mechanism tracking of CO2 photoreduction over 2D-based layered-bismuth-oxyhalides","authors":"Malik Zeeshan Shahid ,&nbsp;Minghua Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaowen Ruan ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The layered bismuth oxyhalides (LBO)-based photocatalysts recently delivered exceptional potential in producing valued chemical energy through the photocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction process (PCRP). However, a comprehensive review is lacking which can simultaneously underscore recent activity rationalization and mechanism tracking of LBO-driven PCRP. So, we present a review that uncovers different innovative methods enabling the transitions of physicochemical and optoelectronic properties in LBO-based photocatalysts, leading to efficient PCRP. Wherein particular focus is on accelerating the charge carrier dynamics (e.g., electron/hole separation/transfer), minimizing the electron/hole recombination, refining the structure/morphology, and ensuring charge-localized active sites in LBO-based photocatalysts. Specifically, the review began with highlighting the significance of LBO-driven PCRP, its thermodynamical/kinetical aspects, PCRP-associated reaction pathways, PCRP reactor setup, and charge-transferring modes-based division of PCRP. Next, it unravels PCRP activity advancement and <em>in-situ</em> mechanism tracking by depicting exclusive recent examples. Finally, the challenges to LBO-driven PCRP, their solutions, and a feasible future outlook are underlined. This review may offer extendable aspects that could be applied to other materials for driving various redox reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"7 2","pages":"Article 100143"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Functional additives for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100144
Weihao Liu , Dandan Liu , Xin Wan , Jianglan Shui
{"title":"Functional additives for proton exchange membrane fuel cells","authors":"Weihao Liu ,&nbsp;Dandan Liu ,&nbsp;Xin Wan ,&nbsp;Jianglan Shui","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an electrochemical energy conversion system with remarkable efficiency and eco-friendly operation. It holds immense promise and application potential in facilitating the transition towards sustainable energy solutions. Nevertheless, the widespread commercial adoption of PEMFCs is hindered by the immaturity of individual components within the system. Chief among these obstacles are the high cost and inadequate activity of the cathode catalyst, limited proton conductivity of the PEM, and fuel starvation issues at the anode. Furthermore, concerns regarding the mass transport limitation and the degradation of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) during practical operation collectively impede performance optimization and lifetime extension. Despite the advancements in delicate catalyst design, the complex synthesis processes coupled with trial-and-error methodologies complicate scalability for large-scale applications. In response to these multifaceted challenges, incorporating functional additives (FAs) has emerged as a promising and versatile strategy. These smart additives, with diverse and unique functions, have rapidly gained traction and are being applied across nearly all components of the MEA. However, research efforts to utilize FAs to achieve high-performance and durable PEMFCs are not comprehensively documented, particularly concerning the underlying operational mechanisms. This review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by consolidating current understanding, providing a detailed analysis of the diverse mechanisms at play, and highlighting both the merits and limitations associated with the FA strategy. We aspire to offer valuable insights into this emerging field and contribute to the innovation of next-generation functional additives tailored for advanced PEMFC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"7 2","pages":"Article 100144"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143207228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Performance optimization by antioxidant strategies for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Recent progress and future
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100142
Xianghui Yu , Shuxing Bai , Qinzhu Li , Ziyan Zhao , Qi Sun , Shuang Cao , Hongzhi Cui , Mingxu Liu , Qiang Xu , Chun-Chao Hou
{"title":"Performance optimization by antioxidant strategies for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Recent progress and future","authors":"Xianghui Yu ,&nbsp;Shuxing Bai ,&nbsp;Qinzhu Li ,&nbsp;Ziyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Qi Sun ,&nbsp;Shuang Cao ,&nbsp;Hongzhi Cui ,&nbsp;Mingxu Liu ,&nbsp;Qiang Xu ,&nbsp;Chun-Chao Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have become a potential replacement for traditional energy sources because of their minimal environmental impact and superior efficiency, their vulnerability to degradation caused by in situ generated peroxide and oxygen radical species has seriously hindered their widespread application. To mitigate the negative effects of chemical attack on components of PEMFCs, especially on proton exchange membranes (PEMs), there has been significant efforts devoted in employing antioxidant strategies as the preferred solution, which can directly eliminate and remove harmful peroxide and oxygen radical species. However, due to the rigorous operating conditions, such as low pH, electric potential, water flow, and ion exchange/concentration gradient, undesirable degradation occurred for antioxidant additives. Moreover, the diminished activity and capability of antioxidants resulting from alterations in the physical state, such as migration, agglomeration, and dissolution, are also crucial factors to be taken into account. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent advancements in antioxidant therapy in enhancing the durability of PEMs, especially offering a comprehensive overview of advanced techniques for designing synthetic compounds and conducting thorough analyses of antioxidants to enhance activity-stability factors, aiming to inspire further advancements in this exciting field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"7 1","pages":"Article 100142"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recent advances in two-dimensional metal pnictogenide nanosheets and their nanohybrids with diverse energy applications 具有多种能源应用的二维金属烟族纳米片及其纳米杂化材料的研究进展
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100139
Jihyeong Lee , Taehoon Kim , Dong Hoon Sun , Xiaoyan Jin , Seong-Ju Hwang
{"title":"Recent advances in two-dimensional metal pnictogenide nanosheets and their nanohybrids with diverse energy applications","authors":"Jihyeong Lee ,&nbsp;Taehoon Kim ,&nbsp;Dong Hoon Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Jin ,&nbsp;Seong-Ju Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional inorganic nanosheets have received prime attention because of their intriguing physicochemical properties and diverse functionalities. The reactivity and properties of inorganic nanosheets are influenced by their bonding characteristics and electronic structures. Consequently, controlling their chemical compositions and crystal structures can enhance the electrochemical and catalytic functionalities of these two-dimensional nanosheets. As an emerging family of inorganic nanosheets, two-dimensional transition metal pnictogenide nanosheets, characterized by highly covalent bonding, have attracted emerging attention owing to their excellent catalyst and electrode performances resulting from their high electrical conductivity, high surface reactivity, and high stability. Additionally, transition metal pnictogenide nanosheets are promising hybridization matrices that enhance various functionalities of hybridized species via the effective formation of interfacial coordinative bonds. This review highlights the exceptional advantages of transition metal pnictogenide nanosheets in developing efficient energy-functional materials, with an in-depth discussion of dominant governing factors for improving their performances. Depending on the synthesis methods and application fields, this review surveys a wide range of two-dimensional transition metal pnictogenide nanosheets and their nanohybrids, along with various characterization tools. Future research directions for designing and synthesizing high-performance metal-pnictogenide-nanosheet-based materials are discussed, providing valuable insights for optimizing their functionalities crucial for many energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"7 1","pages":"Article 100139"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hierarchically ordered meso-/macroporous MOF-based materials for catalysis and energy applications 用于催化和能源应用的分层有序介孔/大孔 MOF 基材料
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100137
Anqian Hu , Qiongyi Xie , Liyu Chen, Yingwei Li
{"title":"Hierarchically ordered meso-/macroporous MOF-based materials for catalysis and energy applications","authors":"Anqian Hu ,&nbsp;Qiongyi Xie ,&nbsp;Liyu Chen,&nbsp;Yingwei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant attention due to their tunable structures and ease of functionalization. However, the predominance of micropores in most MOFs limits their effectiveness in diffusion-controlled applications. Recent developments in the construction of hierarchically ordered macro-/mesoporous MOFs, as well as their composites and derivatives, have broadened the application scope of traditional MOF-based materials. These ordered meso-/macropore structures enhance the exposure of active sites and improve mass transfer efficiency, thereby boosting reaction performance. This review discusses recent advancements in the design, synthesis, and catalysis and energy applications of ordered macro-/mesoporous MOF-based materials. Compared to conventional microporous materials, ordered macro-/mesoporous MOF-based materials demonstrate superior performance in applications including photo-, electro-, and thermocatalysis and electrochemical energy storage. The review also explores current challenges and future direction in the development of ordered macro-/mesoporous MOF-based materials, providing valuable insights for creating new materials with greater efficiency and broader applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"6 6","pages":"Article 100137"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The relationship between electronic behavior of single atom catalysts and CO2 reduction to oxygenates 单原子催化剂的电子行为与二氧化碳还原成含氧化合物之间的关系
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100141
Fenghai Cao , Guangbo Liu , Xianbiao Wang , Li Tan , Noritatsu Tsubaki
{"title":"The relationship between electronic behavior of single atom catalysts and CO2 reduction to oxygenates","authors":"Fenghai Cao ,&nbsp;Guangbo Liu ,&nbsp;Xianbiao Wang ,&nbsp;Li Tan ,&nbsp;Noritatsu Tsubaki","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single-atom catalysts (SACs), with 100% atomic efficiency and distinctive electronic properties, show excellent catalytic performance for CO<sub>2</sub> reduction to oxygenates. However, the electronic structure of active sites and key intermediates undergo continuous changes during the reaction on SACs. It is challenging to explain these phenomena through structure-activity relationship. Herein, the “electronic behavior” elucidates the dynamic nature of electronic interactions between active sites and key intermediates. In this review, we invesitgate the transformation of the electronic structure within the CO<sub>2</sub> molecule and the active site of SACs during CO<sub>2</sub> activation, elucidating the complex interplay between these two entities. Then, we delve into the electronic change processes involved in thermal, electro-, and photo-catalytic CO<sub>2</sub> conversion, providing in-depth discussions. Additionally, the influence of the catalyst's electronic behavior on the structure-activity relationship is delineated with precision. At last, the challenges and future perspectives of electronic behavior for SACs are outlined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"6 6","pages":"Article 100141"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Promotion effects in ammonia synthesis over ruthenium catalysts: A review
IF 22.2
EnergyChem Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100140
Hsin-Yu Chen , Shih-Yuan Chen , Yves Ira A. Reyes , Martin Keller , Takehisa Mochizuki , Chien-Neng Liao , Hsin-Yi Tiffany Chen
{"title":"Promotion effects in ammonia synthesis over ruthenium catalysts: A review","authors":"Hsin-Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Shih-Yuan Chen ,&nbsp;Yves Ira A. Reyes ,&nbsp;Martin Keller ,&nbsp;Takehisa Mochizuki ,&nbsp;Chien-Neng Liao ,&nbsp;Hsin-Yi Tiffany Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enchem.2024.100140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Haber-Bosch (HB) process for industrial NH<sub>3</sub> synthesis operated at high temperature (500 °C) and pressure conditions (100–300 atm) with iron ore catalysts. Ru-based catalysts promoted by 1A and 2A elements, particularly Ba and Cs, show promise in electrolysis-driven HB operating under intermittent conditions. However, the roles of these promoters, traditionally classified as structural and electronic promoters based on trial-and-error study, remain controversial and lack a comprehensive literature review. This paper systematically examined these promotion effects, integrating conventional knowledge with recent experimental and computational advancements. It highlighted new insights into the composition and intrinsic roles of Ba, Cs, and other 1A/2A elements. The reaction mechanism of thermo-catalyzed NH<sub>3</sub> synthesis, including recent theories on spin promotion effects at active sites, is extensively discussed. This review provides a thorough understanding of promotion effects and guides the rational design of advanced metal catalysts with promoters for industrial NH<sub>3</sub> synthesis and various energy-related processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":307,"journal":{"name":"EnergyChem","volume":"6 6","pages":"Article 100140"},"PeriodicalIF":22.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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