The Citizenship Experiment 最新文献

The Turn Away from French Universalism 背离法国普遍主义

The Citizenship Experiment Pub Date : 2020-01-23 DOI: 10.1163/9789004416451_006

R. Koekkoek

{"title":"The Turn Away from French Universalism","authors":"R. Koekkoek","doi":"10.1163/9789004416451_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004416451_006","url":null,"abstract":"In late January 1794 a remarkable delegation of three Saint-Domingue deputies arrived in Paris: Louis Dufay, a French-born white planter; Jean-Baptiste Belley, a formerly enslaved black army officer; and Jean-Baptiste Mills, a free coloured man. Despite considerable opposition from the white planter lobby, the ‘tricolor’ delegation secured seats in the National Convention as representatives of Saint-Domingue’s Northern Province. After a powerful speech by Dufay on February 3, the Montagnard-dominated National Convention declared the following day that ‘the slavery of negroes is abolished in all colonies; consequently, it decrees that all men living in the colonies, without distinction of colour, are French citizens and enjoy all the rights guaranteed by the constitution’. The decree was undeniably a major feat: for the first time a national representative body of a major slave-holding Atlantic empire officially decreed the abolition of slavery. Celebrations in the Notre Dame (that had been turned into a ‘Temple of Reason’) and elsewhere in France were accompanied with speeches that were multiracial and universal, at least in spirit. In the following months and years, on more than one occasion, voices in France could be heard praising Saint-Domingue’s black citizens as capable and courageous, and being worthy of their French citizenship.1 Yet the momentous expansion of citizenship within the French colonial empire was also short-lived, politically fragile, and ideologically muddled.2 While the revolutionary momentum of the early 1790s had inspired many radical egalitarian revolutionaries to imagine models of equal imperial citizenship within a single constitutional order, the decree of 16 pluviôse an ii (February 4, 1794) abolishing slavery and assigning French citizenship to black slaves within the French empire was neither a direct result nor a straightforward victory of a universalist ideology proclaiming liberté and égalité.3 At the time of the voting","PeriodicalId":305910,"journal":{"name":"The Citizenship Experiment ","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124251446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Saint-Domingue, Rights, and Empire 圣多明各、权利与帝国

The Citizenship Experiment Pub Date : 2020-01-23 DOI: 10.1163/9789004416451_004

R. Koekkoek

{"title":"Saint-Domingue, Rights, and Empire","authors":"R. Koekkoek","doi":"10.1163/9789004416451_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004416451_004","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1789 and 1804 black slaves and free men of colour transformed the French plantation colony of Saint-Domingue into the independent state of Haiti. What initially began as an attempt of white French planters seeking representation in the newly summoned Estates General and wealthy so-called gens de couleur (free men of colour) demanding an end to racial discrimination, turned into a full-blown revolution when a massive slave insurrection broke out in the summer of 1791. A bloody civil war racked the island for more than a decade. With French, Spanish, and English armies invading the island and thousands of refugees fleeing to other Caribbean islands and North America, the revolutionary events in Saint-Domingue soon acquired international dimensions. News of the island’s ‘disaster’ travelled far and wide. What was perhaps most amazing to observers at the time, apart from the reported scenes of violence and atrocities of civil war, was the interaction between metropolitan France and her colony’s inhabitants. In 1792, after some hesitant and contradictory measures, the French Legislative Assembly granted free men of colour full citizenship; two years later, on February 4, 1794, the National Convention ratified the emancipation of slaves into citizens of the French Republic. Ten years later, despite Napoleon Bonaparte’s attempt to re-establish control over the colony and restore slavery by sending a massive military expedition force, an army of black and coloured revolutionaries founded the first black independent state in America.1 The succession of revolutionary events that has come to be known as the Haitian Revolution sent shockwaves throughout the Atlantic world. In the","PeriodicalId":305910,"journal":{"name":"The Citizenship Experiment ","volume":"1 9-10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114038623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Civilizational Limits of Citizenship 公民身份的文明界限

The Citizenship Experiment Pub Date : 2020-01-23 DOI: 10.1163/9789004416451_005

R. Koekkoek

{"title":"The Civilizational Limits of Citizenship","authors":"R. Koekkoek","doi":"10.1163/9789004416451_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004416451_005","url":null,"abstract":"The 1792 issue of the Historiesch schouwtooneel van ‘s waerelds lotgevallen (Historical Theatre of the World’s Vicissitudes), a respected Dutch spectatorial magazine on international affairs, enthusiastically welcomed the French Legislative’s Assembly’s decision of 15 May 1791 to extend full citizenship to free men of colour born of free parents.1 Once the decree had reached SaintDomingue, the Historiesch schouwtooneel reported, ‘all classes of free inhabitants’ gathered to celebrate the ‘federation-feast’ of July 14. ‘Whites, Mulattoes, free negroes, National Guards, troops of the line’, all joined together to rescue the northern district from the ‘insurgent negroes’ whom the magazine depicted as ‘rebels’. While the magazine cheered ‘the much-needed reconciliation of whites and people of colour’, the extension of citizenship to black rebels seemed out of the question.2 The image of Saint-Dominguan whites and free people of colour brotherly celebrating July 14th, however, was soon substituted for ‘scenes of destruction, murder, arsons, in one word, civil war’, as the Batavian Revolution’s most influential writer and founding father Pieter Paulus put it in his famous 1793 Treatise on Equality.3 The leading Orangist publicist Adriaan Kluit, an outspoken ideological opponent of Paulus and a fierce critic of his compatriot admirers of French revolutionary ideas, similarly wrote of the islands’ ‘catastrophic and miserable state’.4 Kluit imputed the catastrophe of Saint-Domingue to French ‘foolishness’. They had ‘introduced there [Saint-Domingue] mistaken doctrines of liberty [...] and principles under the guise of lovely appearances’, he fulminated, ‘and endeavoured to let impracticable maxims of a reckless Patriotism","PeriodicalId":305910,"journal":{"name":"The Citizenship Experiment ","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132859668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Post-Revolutionary Contestation and Nationalization of American Citizenship 革命后美国公民身份的争论与国有化

The Citizenship Experiment Pub Date : 2020-01-23 DOI: 10.1163/9789004416451_008

R. Koekkoek

{"title":"The Post-Revolutionary Contestation and Nationalization of American Citizenship","authors":"R. Koekkoek","doi":"10.1163/9789004416451_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004416451_008","url":null,"abstract":"On July 17th, 1799, the poet, editor, and publicist, Robert Treat Paine Jr. delivered an oration at a meeting of the Committee of the Young Men of Boston.1 In this oration, Treat Paine commemorated the annulment of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France. The Franco-American defensive alliance against British military aggression forged in the midst of the American Revolutionary War had lasted for exactly twenty years. Its dissolution, approved by Congress on July 7, 1798, as France and the United States were locked in an undeclared naval war, was not simply the end of a military pact, Treat Paine made clear, but symbolized a deep political and intellectual rift between the ‘sister republics’. ‘The struggle between Liberty and Despotism, Government and Anarchy, Religion and Atheism, has been gloriously decided’, Treat Paine commenced his oration. ‘It has proved the victory of principle, the triumph of virtue. France has been foiled, and America is free’.2 Treat Paine did not deny that France was once ‘considered an amiable nation’.3 For his graduation ceremony at Harvard in 1792, he had written a poem tellingly entitled The Nature and Progress of Liberty in which he, like so many Americans had done at the time, expressed his admiration for the revolution in France. ‘May struggling France her ancient freedom gain, May Europe’s sword oppose her rights in vain’, some of the more expressive lines of the poem read. Following a couplet in which the young graduate wished Edmund Burke’s fame to rest in ‘dark oblivion’, the poem went on to record the intimate","PeriodicalId":305910,"journal":{"name":"The Citizenship Experiment ","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134498496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0