International Journal of MCH and AIDS最新文献

{"title":"Urogenital Schistosomiasis among Primary School Children in Rural Communities in Obudu, Southern Nigeria.","authors":"Kenneth N Opara, Rebecca T Akomalafe, Nsima I Udoidung, Udeme U Afia, Clement A Yaro, Bassey E Bassey","doi":"10.21106/ijma.407","DOIUrl":"10.21106/ijma.407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Schistosomiasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) that constitutes a public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Nigeria. There is need for updated information on the extent of the disease burden at community level to facilitate effective prioritization and monitoring of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children in Obudu Local Government Area (LGA), one of the 18 LGAs in Cross River State, Southern Nigeria. Seven schools from seven communities were randomly selected for this study. A total of 1,113 urine samples obtained from school-aged children were screened for <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> (<i>S. haematobium</i>) eggs using standard parasitological method of diagnosis. Proteinuria and hematuria were evaluated using reagent test strips.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, 153 (13.7%) children were infected with <i>S. haematobium</i>. More males (86 or 14.7%) were infected than females (67 or 12.7%); the differences were not statistically significant. The overall geometric mean intensity of infection was 13.3 eggs/10ml of urine. Females (13.69 eggs/10ml of urine) had the highest intensity of infection than males (12.91eggs/10ml of urine). Prevalence of hematuria was 152 (13.7%) (95% C.I. = 10.649 - 18.751%) while the prevalence of proteinuria was 172 (15.5%) (95% C.I. = 5.162 - 38.712%). Prevalence of infection significantly (p<0.001) varied among the schools from 7.8% to 28.9%. Children aged 5-9 years old had the highest prevalence of infection 46 (17.1%). The prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was 28.9%, 20.5% and 13.2%, respectively, among Betukwel, Ibong, and Ohong communities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Urinary schistosomiasis is still endemic in Obudu, Southern Nigeria but with decreased prevalence. Public health mitigation efforts such as mass chemotherapy, provision of safe water supply and sanitation facilities are recommended. Furthermore, health education should be encouraged within schools and communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 1","pages":"70-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/21/85/IJMA-10-70.PMC7873395.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25396141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Care into General Maternal Child Health Care in Western Kenya.","authors":"Michelle Berlacher,&nbsp;Timothy Mercer,&nbsp;Edith O Apondi,&nbsp;Winfred Mwangi,&nbsp;Edwin Were,&nbsp;Megan S McHenry","doi":"10.21106/ijma.429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health systems integration is becoming increasingly important as the global health community transitions from acute, disease-specific health programming to models of care built for chronic diseases, primarily designed to strengthen public-sector health systems. In many countries across sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (pMTCT) services are being integrated into the general maternal child health (MCH) clinics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits and challenges for integration of care within a developing health system, through the lens of an evaluative framework.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A framework adapted from the World Health Organization's six critical health systems functions was used to evaluate the integration of pMTCT services with general MCH clinics in western Kenya. Perspectives were collected from key stakeholders, including pMTCT and MCH program leadership and local health providers. The benefits and challenges of integration across each of the health system functions were evaluated to better understand this approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Key informants in leadership positions and MCH staff shared similar perspectives regarding benefits and challenges of integration. Benefits of integration included convenience for families through streamlining of services and reduced HIV stigma. Concerns and challenges included confidentiality issues related to HIV status, particularly in the context of high-volume, crowded clinical spaces.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>The results from this study highlight areas that need to be addressed to maximize the effectiveness and clinical flow of the pMTCT-MCH integration model. The lessons learned from this integration may be applied to other settings in sub-Saharan Africa attempting to integrate HIV care into the broader public-sector health system.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 1","pages":"19-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/71/55/IJMA-10-19.PMC7792744.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38819885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review and Analysis of Outcomes from Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infant Follow-up Services at a Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit of a Major Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: 2007-2020.","authors":"Ebelechuku F Ugochukwu,&nbsp;Chinyere U Onubogu,&nbsp;Emeka S Edokwe,&nbsp;Uchenna Ekwochi,&nbsp;Kenneth N Okeke,&nbsp;Esther N Umeadi,&nbsp;Stanley K Onah","doi":"10.21106/ijma.510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Above 90% of childhood HIV infections result from mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). This study examined the MTCT rates of HIV-exposed infants enrolled in the infant follow-up arm of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) program in a teaching hospital in Southeast Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a 14-year review of outcomes of infants enrolled in the infant follow-up arm of the PMTCT program of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria. The majority of subjects were enrolled within 72 hours of birth and were followed up until 18 months of age according to the National Guidelines on HIV prevention and treatment. At enrollment, relevant data were collected prospectively, and each scheduled follow-up visit was recorded both electronically and in physical copy in the client's folders. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The major outcome variable was final MTCT status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 3,784 mother-infant dyads studied 3,049 (80.6%) received both maternal and infant Antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis while 447 (11.8%) received none. The MTCT rates were 1.4%, 9.3%, 24.1%, and 52.1% for both mother and infant, mother only, infant only, and none received ARV prophylaxis respectively. There was no gender-based difference in outcomes. The MTCT rate was significantly higher among mixed-fed infants (p<0.001) and among those who did not receive any form of ARVs (p<0.001). Among dyads who received no ARVs, breastfed infants significantly had a higher MTCT rate compared to never-breastfed infants (57.9% vs. 34.8%; p<0.001). The MTCT rate was comparable among breastfed (2.5%) and never-breastfed (2.1%) dyads who had received ARVs. After logistic regression, maternal (p<0.001, OR: 7.00) and infant (p<0.001, OR: 4.00) ARV prophylaxis for PMTCT remained significantly associated with being HIV-negative.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Appropriate use of ARVs and avoidance of mixed feeding in the first six months of life are vital to the success of PMTCT programs in developing countries. PMTCT promotes exclusive breastfeeding and reduces the burden of pediatric HIV infection, thereby enhancing child survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 2","pages":"269-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/22/28/IJMA-10-269.PMC8679595.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39626282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Health Determinants of Accessibility to Clubfoot Treatment in LMICs: A Global Exploration of Barriers and Solutions.","authors":"Sharaf Sheik-Ali, Sergio M Navarro, Hashim Shaikh, Evan J Keil, Walter Johnson, Chris Lavy","doi":"10.21106/ijma.453","DOIUrl":"10.21106/ijma.453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Clubfoot or Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) treatment in newborn infants involves simple, non-invasive manipulation and is primarily managed non-surgically if identified early. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), less than 15% of patients with CTEV access treatment. This cross-sectional questionnaire study conducted descriptive and regression analysis of institutional reasons for CTEV management in LMICs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was undertaken of 1,489 medical institutions in 62 LMICs. Data were evaluated from the \"World Health Organization Situation Analysis tool\" database. We analyzed characteristics of institutions that manage and did not manage CTEV. With the use of a multivariate linear regression model, we identified a set of factors linked to referral for non-management of CTEV.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 72.7% (1,083/1,395) of institutions surveyed did not manage CTEV. The most common reason cited for not managing CTEV was a lack of sufficient skills, 92.1% (668/725, P<0.001). A total of 39.4% (286/725) of institutions also cited a lack of functioning equipment as a reason. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed lack of training, lack of supplies, and lack of functioning equipment were most closely related to non-management of CTEV.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>We identified that failure to manage CTEV may result from a lack of skills and medical equipment. Increasing the capacity of sustainable training programs may reduce the presently available skill deficit in treating CTEV in LMICs and provide improved health outcomes for those with CTEV. While considerable progress has been made in building capacity for the treatment and management of CTEV in LMICs, structured training programs that support conservative manipulative methods to manage CTEV should be initiated globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 2","pages":"241-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1b/4f/IJMA-10-241.PMC8647193.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39582111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genital Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Adverse Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes in Children and Women in sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Elizabeth Armstrong-Mensah,&nbsp;David-Praise Ebiringa,&nbsp;Kaleb Whitfield,&nbsp;Jake Coldiron","doi":"10.21106/ijma.523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genital <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> (CT) has adverse health outcomes for women and children. In pregnant women, the infection causes adverse obstetric outcomes including pelvic inflammation, ectopic pregnancy, and miscarriage. In children, it causes adverse birth outcomes such as skin rash, lesions, limb abnormalities, conjunctivitis, neurological damage, and even death. This article discusses genital CT prevalence, risk factors, and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes among women and children in sub-Saharan Africa as well as challenges associated with the mitigation of the disease. A comprehensive search of databases including PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar was conducted using keywords such as genital chlamydia trachomatis, adverse pregnancy outcomes, adverse birth outcomes, and sub-Saharan African. We found that genital CT prevalence rates in some sub-Saharan Africa countries were higher than others and that risk factors such as the lack of condom use, having multiple sexual partners, and low educational levels contribute to the transmission of the infection. We also found that negative cultural practices, illiteracy among women, and the lack of access to screening services during pregnancy are some of the challenges associated with CT mitigation in sub-Saharan Africa. To reduce genital CT transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, efforts must be made by country governments to eliminate negative cultural practices, promote female literacy, and provide access to screening services for pregnant women.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 2","pages":"251-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/03/bf/IJMA-10-251.PMC8647192.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39582112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Postoperative Surgical Outcomes among Women Undergoing Obstetric Fistula Repair with and without HIV.","authors":"Prakash R Ganesh,&nbsp;Rachel Mernoff,&nbsp;Renske Dikkers,&nbsp;William Nundwe,&nbsp;Rachel Pope","doi":"10.21106/ijma.509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Obstetric fistula affects approximately 2 million women worldwide, predominantly in places with a high Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) burden. In Malawi, where thousands of women live with fistulas, HIV prevalence is 11-13%. Although repair is usually successful, surgical outcomes among immunocompromised women are poorly understood. Inconsistent guidelines regarding the Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) threshold necessary for repair make it difficult for surgeons to make informed decisions. This study compares the postoperative outcomes of women undergoing obstetric fistula repair with and without HIV, stratified by CD4 count.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective case-control study using a database of women who underwent vesicovaginal fistula repair at the Fistula Care Center from 2010-2018. HIV-positive participants, stratified by CD4<350 and CD4>350, were matched to HIV-negative controls by age within 5 years and Goh classification. Controls were matched to cases in a 3:1 ratio. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were conducted on indicators based on HIV status and CD4 count stratification. Outcomes included dye test results, pad weights, and continence status at 2 weeks post-repair.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>54 seropositive women were matched to 135 seronegative women. Of the 54 HIV positive women, 22.2% (n=12) had a CD4 count < 350. We found no statistically significant difference in surgical outcomes between HIV-positive and negative patients. 93.5% of HIV positive and 90% of HIV negative women healed completely. In our sub-analysis of 12 seropositive women with CD4<350, we found a statically significant difference in successful closure, with 25% of women with CD4<350 having a positive dye test indicating incomplete closure, compared to 2.8% of women with CD4>350 (p=0.024).</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Our analysis confirms previous research indicating that seropositive women with a CD4>350 can safely undergo obstetric fistula repair. Further research is needed to evaluate postoperative outcomes among women with CD4<350.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 2","pages":"191-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/43/67/IJMA-10-191.PMC8590090.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39755298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlates of Health Care Workers' Knowledge and HIV-Exposed Infant Immunization Counseling Practice in Northern Nigeria.","authors":"Zubairu Iliyasu,&nbsp;Fatimah Hassan-Hanga,&nbsp;Sadiq Isah Ajuji,&nbsp;Musa M Bello,&nbsp;Safiyya S Abdulkadir,&nbsp;Nafisa S Nass,&nbsp;Hamisu M Salihu,&nbsp;Muktar H Aliyu","doi":"10.21106/ijma.432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-exposed and HIV-infected infants are at increased risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, little is known about health care workers' knowledge and immunization counseling practices in this population. We determined the predictors of health care workers' knowledge of vertical transmission risks, HIV exposed/infected infant immunization, and counseling practices in a tertiary center in Northern Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-section of 297 health workers were interviewed using a structured, validated questionnaire. Knowledge and HIV-exposed infant immunization counseling practices were analyzed, and adjusted odds ratios for predictors were derived from logistic regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 297 participating health care workers, (32.3%, <i>n=</i>96) had adequate knowledge of HIV-exposed/infected infant immunization. Two-thirds (67%, <i>n=</i>199) of the participants appropriately identified the timing of infant diagnosis, while (73%, <i>n=</i>217) and (56.2%, <i>n=</i>167) correctly categorized infants as HIV-exposed and HIV-infected, respectively. Only (19.5%, <i>n=</i>58) participants had ever counselled a HIV-positive mother on infant immunization. Knowledge was predicted by work unit (HIV clinic vs. Obstetrics & Gynecology clinic), (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =3.78, 95% CI: 1.27-5.54), age (30-39 vs. <30 years), (AOR=2.24, 95% CI:1.19-5.67), years of experience (≥10 vs. <5), (AOR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.15-6.04), number of children (1 vs. 0), (AOR=1.73, 95% CI:1.14-4.23), infant immunization training (yes vs. no), (AOR=1.57, 95% CI:1.12-5.43), female sex (AOR = 1.17, 95% CI:1.06-2.21), profession (nurse/midwife vs. physician), (AOR=0.44, 95% CI:0.21-0.94) and previous HIV test (no vs. yes), (AOR=0.67, 95% CI:0.21-0.83).</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Knowledge of HIV-exposed infant immunization was low and counseling practices were sub-optimal. Both immunization knowledge and counseling practices were predicted by demographic, professional, and training variables. Our findings indicate the need for educating health care workers on HIV exposed/infected infant immunization policy and improving counseling skills through capacity-building programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 1","pages":"55-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fa/f6/IJMA-10-55.PMC7792747.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38750971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria, Helminth Infections and Clinical Status Among HIV-Infected Pregnant Women.","authors":"Olawunmi R Rabiu,&nbsp;Hannah Dada-Adegbola,&nbsp;Catherine O Falade,&nbsp;Olatunbosun G Arinola,&nbsp;Alexander B Odaibo,&nbsp;Olusegun G Ademowo","doi":"10.21106/ijma.352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background or objectives: </strong>Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa with similarity in geographical distribution of major pathogens of public health interest. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of malaria and helminths on CD4 count, hematocrit values and viral load among HIV-infected pregnant women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred and ninety-seven HIV-infected pregnant women aged 18-45 years were recruited from a registered HIV clinic and questionnaires were administered for socio-demographic details. Screening for malaria parasites in blood was through microscopy while helminths were identified in stool using Kato-Katz method. Hematocrit levels were determined through centrifugation of blood collected in capillary tubes. At the time of recruitment, most recent CD4 count and viral load was obtained from the patients' case notes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>About three-quarters (73.6%) of the women had above primary school level of education while more than half (60.2%) were petty traders. The prevalence of malaria parasites in the blood samples was 24.9%, while 3% were infected with helminths. There was only a single case of malaria, helminths and HIV co-infection in the study group. Prevalence of anemia was 75.6% with eight cases (4.1%) of severe anemia. About 86.6% of the women with anemia had low CD4 count (χ²= 8.801, p=0.032). The mean CD4 count was significantly lower among those with co-infection of malaria and HIV.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Malaria or helminth infection among HIV-infected women lowers the CD4 count and increases the viral load with little changes in hematocrit values. Routine screening of HIV-infected women for probable multiple infections will aid in improving their overall health and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 1","pages":"81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e9/a0/IJMA-10-81.PMC7905432.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25428029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analysis of Levels and Trends in HIV Prevalence Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Karnataka, South India, 2003-2019.","authors":"Elangovan Arumugam,&nbsp;Joseph K David,&nbsp;Santhakumar Aridoss,&nbsp;Nagaraj Jaganathasamy,&nbsp;Malathi Mathiyazhakan,&nbsp;Ganesh Balasubramanian,&nbsp;Manikandan Natesan,&nbsp;V M Padmapriya,&nbsp;B K Kirubakaran,&nbsp;Sanjay Patel,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar,&nbsp;Shobini Rajan","doi":"10.21106/ijma.520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Periodic tracking of the trends and the levels of HIV prevalence at regional and district levels helps to strengthen a state's HIV/AIDS response. HIV prevalence among pregnant women is crucial for the HIV prevalence estimation of the general population. Karnataka is one of the high HIV prevalence states in India. Probing regional and district levels and trends of HIV prevalence provides critical insights into district-level epidemic patterns. This paper analyzes the region- and district-wise levels and trends of HIV prevalence among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinics (ANC) from 2003 to 2019 in Karnataka, South India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HIV prevalence data collected from pregnant women in Karnataka during HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) between 2003 and 2019 was used for trend analysis. The consistent sites were grouped into four zones (Bangalore, Belgaum, Gulbarga and Mysore regions), totaling 60 sites, including 30 urban and 30 rural sites. Regional and district-level HIV prevalence was calculated; trend analysis using Chi-square trend test and spatial analysis using QGIS software was done. For the last three HSS rounds, HIV prevalence based on sociodemographic variables was calculated to understand the factors contributing to HIV positivity in each region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 254,563 pregnant women were recruited. HIV prevalence in Karnataka was 0.22 (OR: 0.15 95% CI: 0.16 - 0.28) in 2019. The prevalence was 0.24, 0.32, 0.17 and 0.14 in Bangalore, Belgaum, Gulbarga, and Mysore regions, respectively. HIV prevalence had significantly (<i>P</i>< 0.05) declined in 26 districts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>HIV prevalence among pregnant women was comparatively higher in Bangalore and Belgaum regions. Analysis of contextual factors associated with the transmission risk and evidence-based targeted interventions will strengthen HIV management in Karnataka. Regionalized, disaggregated, sub-national analyses will help identify emerging pockets of infections, concentrated epidemic zones and contextual factors driving the disease transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 2","pages":"198-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1b/55/IJMA-10-198.PMC8590091.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39755299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes Among Women on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Long-term Retrospective Analysis of Data from a Major Tertiary Hospital in North Central Nigeria.","authors":"Maxwell P Dapar, Benjamin N Joseph, Rotkangmwa C Okunlola, Josiah Mutihir, Moses P Chingle, Mathilda E Banwat","doi":"10.21106/ijma.511","DOIUrl":"10.21106/ijma.511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection from a death sentence to a chronic syndrome, allowing infected individuals to lead near-normal lives, including achieving pregnancy and bearing children. Notwithstanding, concerns remain about the effects of ART in pregnancy. Previous studies suggested contradictory associations between ART and pregnancy. This study determined birth outcomes in pregnant women who accessed ART between 2004 and 2017 at a major tertiary hospital in North Central Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study of 5,080 participants. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Boston. A pro forma for data abstraction was designed and used to collect data. Abstracted data were sorted and managed using SPSS® version 22. The Chi-square test was used to calculate the proportions of pregnancy outcomes. One-way analysis of variance was used to test the effect of antiretroviral drug regimens on mean birth weight and gestational age at delivery. All levels of significance were set at p 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pregnancy outcomes were recorded as live birth (99.8%), stillbirth (0.2%), preterm delivery (6.6%), and low birth weight (23%). There was a statistically significant association between ART in pregnancy and low birth weight {χ² [(5, n = 3439) = 11.99, p = 0.04]}. The highest mean birth weights were recorded in participants who received drug combinations with protease inhibitors or efavirenz, in contrast to participants who received Nevirapine, stavudine and Emtricitabine/Tenofovirbased regimens. However, there was no significant difference in the gestational age of babies at birth for the six ART regimens in the study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Findings support the benefits of ART in pregnancy, which is in line with the testing and treatment policies of the 90-90-90 targets for ending HIV by the year 2030.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 2","pages":"183-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4b/61/IJMA-10-183.PMC8564061.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39604871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}