Fatimah Isma'il Tsiga-Ahmed, Taiwo Gboluwaga Amole, Baba Maiyaki Musa, Aishatu Muhammad Nalado, Omeiza Baba Agoyi, Hadiza Shehu Galadanci, Hamisu M Salihu
{"title":"COVID 19: Evaluating the Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practices of Healthcare Workers in Northern Nigeria.","authors":"Fatimah Isma'il Tsiga-Ahmed, Taiwo Gboluwaga Amole, Baba Maiyaki Musa, Aishatu Muhammad Nalado, Omeiza Baba Agoyi, Hadiza Shehu Galadanci, Hamisu M Salihu","doi":"10.21106/ijma.418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although much is known about the rapidly spreading COVID-19 disease, a lot of knowledge is still evolving. The knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of healthcare workers (HCWs) towards COVID-19 remain key in protecting themselves and in fighting the \"war\" against the disease. This study assessed the KAP of HCWs in Kano, northern Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-section of different cadre of healthcare workers was recruited online via google forms. Using a link, the participants completed an adapted from a similar study, pre-tested questionnaire on KAP regarding COVID-19. Predictors of KAP were assessed using logistic regression modelling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 651 HCWs invited to participate, 233 respondents responded giving a response rate of 35.8%. Of these, 195 (83.7%) had good knowledge, 183 (78.9%) had a positive attitude and 180 (77.6%) had good practice towards prevention of COVID-19. The odds of having good knowledge were significantly lower among Community Health Officers/Community Health Extension workers (aOR=0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.6;<i>p</i><0.001) and other health workers compared to doctors. Positive attitude was predicted by good knowledge (aOR=4.8, 95% CI:1.7-010.2;<i>p</i>=0.003), being in the fifth decade of life (aOR=5.5, 95% CI: 1.1-29.3, <i>p</i>=0.04), female gender (aOR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.1-8.3;<i>p=</i>0.04<i>)</i>, Christian faith (aOR=7.0, 95% CI: 1.3-40.4; <i>p=</i>0.03<i>)</i>, and having a bachelors' or medical degree (aOR=4.6, 95% CI: 1.3-16.5).The only predictor of good practice was good knowledge on COVID-19 (aOR=7.8, 95% CI 2.8-12.4;<i>p</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Majority of the HCWs at the study site have good knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19. Continuous dissemination of information on prevention of spread of COVID-19 to all HCWs will strengthen the health workforce in the fight against it.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 1","pages":"88-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2f/fa/IJMA-10-88.PMC7905433.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25428030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marked Disparities in Life Expectancy by Education, Poverty Level, Occupation, and Housing Tenure in the United States, 1997-2014.","authors":"Gopal K Singh, Hyunjung Lee","doi":"10.21106/ijma.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Socioeconomic disparities in life expectancy in the United States (US) are marked and have widened over time. However, there is limited research using individual-level socioeconomic variables as such information is generally lacking or unreliable in vital records used for life table construction. Using longitudinal cohort data, we computed life expectancy for US adults by social determinants such as education, income/poverty level, occupation, and housing tenure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed the 1997-2014 National Health Interview Survey prospectively linked to mortality records in the National Death Index (N=1,146,271). Standard life table methodologies were used to compute life expectancy and other life table functions at various ages according to socioeconomic variables stratified by sex and race/ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adults with at least a Master's degree had 14.7 years higher life expectancy at age 18 than those with less than a high school education and 8.3 years higher life expectancy than those with a high school education. Poverty was inversely related to life expectancy. Individuals living in poverty had 10.5 years lower life expectancy at age 18 than those with incomes ≥400% of the poverty threshold. Laborers and those employed in craft and repair occupations had, respectively, 10.9 years and 8.6 years lower life expectancy at age 18 than those with professional and managerial occupations. Male and female renters had, respectively, 4.0 years and 4.6 years lower life expectancy at age 18 than homeowners. Women in the most advantaged socioeconomic group outlived men in the most disadvantaged group by 23.5 years at age 18.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and global health implications: </strong>Marked socioeconomic gradients in US life expectancy were found across all sex and racial/ethnic groups. Adults with lower education, higher poverty levels, in manual occupations, and with rental housing had substantially lower life expectancy compared to their counterparts with higher socioeconomic position.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 1","pages":"7-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/45/72/IJMA-10-7.PMC7792745.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38819884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eren Oyungu, Anna Roose, Ananda R Ombitsa, Rachel C Vreeman, Megan S McHenry
{"title":"Child Development Monitoring in Well-baby Clinics in Kenya.","authors":"Eren Oyungu, Anna Roose, Ananda R Ombitsa, Rachel C Vreeman, Megan S McHenry","doi":"10.21106/ijma.473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maternal and child health (MCH) clinics represent an integrated approach for providing healthcare to pregnant women and children 0-59 months of age. Although MCH clinics are also charged with monitoring child development, which involves tracking developmental milestones, it is unclear how these services are provided or perceived within the clinic. This study aimed to describe self-reported knowledge, perceptions, and practice of developmental monitoring in selected MCH clinics in western Kenya.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted within six clinics. We administered a descriptive survey to measure caregiver and healthcare staff attitudes towards and awareness of developmental monitoring; we also reviewed MCH booklets to identify services received at the clinic. Data collection occurred over a period of one day at each of the six clinic sites. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the study period, 78 caregiver-child pairs presented to the clinics and had their MCH booklets reviewed. The median child age was three months (interquartile range [IQR]: 1-8 months). Most caregivers were aware of weight monitoring and immunization services; however, when asked specifically about developmental monitoring, only 2.6% of caregivers were aware this service was available at the clinics. Nearly 80% of caregivers reported that they would be very interested in developmental monitoring services. Thirty-three MCH healthcare staff were interviewed about services provided and goals of clinical care. Fewer healthcare staff (60.6%) identified their roles in developmental monitoring compared to their roles in growth (90.9%) and nutritional monitoring (84.8%). Developmental milestones had not been recorded in any of the 78 MCH booklets. However, 78.1% of healthcare staff indicated support for developmental screening.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>While developmental monitoring was valued by healthcare providers, it was not consistently performed at the six clinics in our study. We recommend further work to raise awareness about developmental monitoring and to measure the implications of increased caregiver knowledge and perceptions on developmental monitoring practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 1","pages":"128-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f6/48/IJMA-10-128.PMC8130212.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39011063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chioma A Ikedionwu, Deepa Dongarwar, Courtney Williams, Evelyn Odeh, Maylis Peguy Nkeng Peh, Hilliary Hooker, Stacey Wiseman, Tramauni Brock, Erinn Payne-Green, Chidinma Chukwudum, Grace Loudd, Andrea Shelton, Jonnae O Atkinson, Kiara K Spooner, Jason L Salemi, Hamisu M Salihu, Omonike A Olaleye
{"title":"Trends and Risk Factors for Leishmaniasis among Reproductive Aged Women in the United States.","authors":"Chioma A Ikedionwu, Deepa Dongarwar, Courtney Williams, Evelyn Odeh, Maylis Peguy Nkeng Peh, Hilliary Hooker, Stacey Wiseman, Tramauni Brock, Erinn Payne-Green, Chidinma Chukwudum, Grace Loudd, Andrea Shelton, Jonnae O Atkinson, Kiara K Spooner, Jason L Salemi, Hamisu M Salihu, Omonike A Olaleye","doi":"10.21106/ijma.478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, is endemic in several regions globally, but commonly regarded as a disease of travelers in the United States (US). The literature on leishmaniasis among hospitalized women in the US is very limited. The aim of this study was to explore trends and risk factors for leishmaniasis among hospitalized women of reproductive age within the US.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed hospital admissions data from the 2002-2017 Nationwide Inpatient Sample among women aged 15-49 years. We conducted descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses for factors associated with leishmaniasis. Utilizing logistic regression, we assessed the association between sociodemographic and hospital characteristics with leishmaniasis disease among hospitalized women of reproductive age in the US. Joinpoint regression was used to examine trends over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We analyzed 131,529,239 hospitalizations; among these, 207 cases of leishmaniasis hospitalizations were identified, equivalent to an overall prevalence of 1.57 cases per million during the study period. The prevalence of leishmaniasis was greatest among older women of reproductive age (35-49 years), Hispanics, those with Medicare, and inpatient stay in large teaching hospitals in the Northeast of the US. Hispanic women experienced a statistically significant increased odds of leishmaniasis diagnosis (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.19-4.06), compared to Non-Hispanic (NH) White women. Medicaid and Private Insurance appeared to serve as a protective factor in both unadjusted and adjusted models. We did not observe a statistically significant change in leishmaniasis rates over the study period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Although the prevalence of leishmaniasis among women of reproductive age appears to be low in the US, some risk remains. Thus, appropriate educational, public health and policy initiatives are needed to increase clinical awareness and timely diagnosis/treatment of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"10 2","pages":"166-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9f/10/IJMA-10-166.PMC8346677.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39305845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Constantin Tchakounté, Céline N Nkenfou, Thibau F Tchouangueu, Nicole M Ngoufack, Salomon B Tchuandom, Olivier D Ngono, Jules-Rogers Kuiate, Alexis Ndjolo
{"title":"HIV Serodiscordance among Couples in Cameroon: Effects on Sexual and Reproductive Health.","authors":"Constantin Tchakounté, Céline N Nkenfou, Thibau F Tchouangueu, Nicole M Ngoufack, Salomon B Tchuandom, Olivier D Ngono, Jules-Rogers Kuiate, Alexis Ndjolo","doi":"10.21106/ijma.370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>One of the main reasons for risky sexual behavior observed in HIV serodiscordant couples despite the knowledge of the partner's status and counselling is childbearing. In Cameroon, there are few reports on HIV serodiscordant couples. This paper describes the influence of HIV on sexual relationships and decision to procreate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted in five health centers. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect social and demographic information, while semi-structured in-depth individual and couple interviews were used to explore sexual relationships and decisions about fatherhood/motherhood. Blood samples were collected from the couples and tested for HIV to confirm serodiscordance. The data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism Version 6 software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 53/192 (27.6%) HIV serodiscordant couples participated in the study, and 18/74 (24.32%) HIV positive seroconcordant couples and 32/80 HIV negative seroconcordant couples were used as controls. The majority of HIV-positive partners in serodiscordant couples were women (30/53), of whom 25/30 were on antiretroviral therapy. Nearly half of the respondents (23 /53) reported tensions related to serodiscordance, shown by reduced sex frequency. The use of condoms was not systematically observed among seroconcordant and serodiscordant couples with respective proportions of 55.55% and 20.75% (p = 0.0086). Thirty seven out of 53 HIV serodiscordant couples wanted children, among them, seven couples did not have any and expressed their aspiration for parenthood despite fear of infecting one's partner.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Sexuality of serodiscordant couples as well as of HIV positive seroconcordant couples was affected by the presence of HIV/AIDS. The desire to procreate may lead couples to adopt risky sexual behaviors. It is important to define specific guidelines for serodiscordant couples in order to improve their sexual life and consequently enable them to procreate with minimal risk of infecting their partner and or to transmit the virus to their baby.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"9 3","pages":"330-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d5/e5/IJMA-9-330.PMC7422521.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38279485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathan Isabirye, Amara E Ezeamama, Rachel Kyeyune-Bakyayita, Danstan Bagenda, Wafaie W Fawzi, David Guwatudde
{"title":"Dietary Micronutrients and Gender, Body Mass Index and Viral Suppression Among HIV-Infected Patients in Kampala, Uganda.","authors":"Nathan Isabirye, Amara E Ezeamama, Rachel Kyeyune-Bakyayita, Danstan Bagenda, Wafaie W Fawzi, David Guwatudde","doi":"10.21106/ijma.362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>HIV/AIDS is a hallmark of immune suppression. Micronutrient deficiencies in diet and recurrent opportunistic infections play major roles in the lives of people living with HIV. Although benefits of providing adequate diet to HIV positive persons are well documented, the demand for key elements still remain unclear in particular settings, especially in low and middle-income countries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross sectional analysis of baseline data collected from HIV-infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy, and who were enrolled in a multivitamin supplementation trial. A food frequency questionnaire was used and intake were obtained as a product of quantities consumed. Adequacy was calculated as the proportion of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). A chi square test and logistic regression analysis were used at p-value 0.05 to show significant associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean intakes were above minimum requirements for analyzed micronutrients with the exception of Calcium and Iron. Participants who met RDA intakes were as follows: highest (≥ 80%) for Magnesium, Selenium, Zinc and Vitamins B2, B6, B9, C and E; moderate (50% to <80%) for Vitamins B3, and A; and lowest (≤50%) for Iron (30%), Calcium (14.9%), Vitamins B12 and B1. Gender differences in met RDA were observed for Iron, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamins A, B1, B3 and E. In multivariable analyses, nutritional status and CD4 count had no influence on meeting RDA for majority of micronutrients such as magnesium, Selenium, B class vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12), vitamin (A, C, and E), Zinc and Calcium, but not including iron.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Diets consumed by the study participants were low in most protective nutrients (Iron, Calcium, Zinc, Vitamin A, B1, B3, and B12). This deficiency was more common among females than males, and irrespective of BMI or CD 4 count. Findings warrant further investigation on the impact and cost implications for suplementation interventions that target the elements lacking in the diets of people living with HIV in similar low-resourced settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"9 3","pages":"337-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f8/a3/IJMA-9-337.PMC7433296.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38294974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronica B Ajewole, Ahone E Ngujede, Emmanuella Oduguwa, Deepa Dongarwar, Manvir Kaur, Cecelia Knight, Maresha Jackson, Uyen Nguyen, Tasha Roshan, Jordan Simpson, Igor Vouffo, Omonike A Olaleye, Hamisu M Salihu
{"title":"A Surveillance System for the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Veronica B Ajewole, Ahone E Ngujede, Emmanuella Oduguwa, Deepa Dongarwar, Manvir Kaur, Cecelia Knight, Maresha Jackson, Uyen Nguyen, Tasha Roshan, Jordan Simpson, Igor Vouffo, Omonike A Olaleye, Hamisu M Salihu","doi":"10.21106/ijma.411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and its ensuing mitigation measures have negatively affected the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) population. There is currently no surveillance system established to enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to guide policy decision making to protect the MCH population in this pandemic. Based on reports of community and household spread of this novel infection, we present an approach to a robust family-centered surveillance system for the MCH population. The surveillance system encapsulates data at the individual and community levels to inform stakeholders, policy makers, health officials and the general public about SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics within the MCH population.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"9 3","pages":"350-353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/11/0a/IJMA-9-350.PMC7433297.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38294975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabel Griffin, Boubakari Ibrahimou, Natasha Navejar, Anjali Aggarwal, Kristopher Myers, Daniel Mauck, Korede K Yusuf, Usman J Wudil, Muktar H Aliyu, Hamisu M Salihu
{"title":"Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Racial Disparities in Fetal Telomere Length.","authors":"Isabel Griffin, Boubakari Ibrahimou, Natasha Navejar, Anjali Aggarwal, Kristopher Myers, Daniel Mauck, Korede K Yusuf, Usman J Wudil, Muktar H Aliyu, Hamisu M Salihu","doi":"10.21106/ijma.290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The identification of risk factors for shorter telomere length, especially during fetal development, would be important towards caffeine consumption recommendations for pregnant women on a global scale. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between caffeine intake and fetal telomere length as well as racial/ethnic differences in telomere length regardless of maternal caffeine consumption status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Caffeine intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Three generalized linear models (GLM) were compared based on binary categorical variables of caffeine levels using data mean value of 117.3 mg as cut-off; the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations of 300 mg; and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommendations of 200 mg. The association between caffeine consumption and telomere length (telomere to single-copy [T/S] ratio) was then assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 57 maternal-fetal dyads, 77.2% reported less than 200 mg of caffeine (ACOG) and 89.5% less than 300 mg (WHO). Both WHO and ACOG models found that caffeine intake was significantly and positively associated with longer telomere length (p<0.05); and sodium (p<0.05). Other\" race (p<0.001) and \"white\" race (p<0.001) were also significantly and positively associated with longer telomere length in the same models. Increasing maternal age shortened telomere length significantly in all models (p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion and global health implications: </strong>Caffeine intake, maternal age, and race may be associated with alterations in fetal telomere length. This indicates that caffeine consumption during pregnancy may have long-term implications for fetal development. The racial/ethnic differences in telomere length found in this study warrant larger studies to further confirm these associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":30480,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS","volume":"9 1","pages":"14-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/05/ba/IJMA-9-14.PMC7031881.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37698124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}