Telecom Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.3390/telecom4010004

K. Sathish, Ravikumar Chinthaginjala Venkata, Rajesh Anbazhagan, G. Pau

{"title":"Review of Localization and Clustering in USV and AUV for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"K. Sathish, Ravikumar Chinthaginjala Venkata, Rajesh Anbazhagan, G. Pau","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010004","url":null,"abstract":"Oceanographic data collection, disaster prevention, aided navigation, critical observation sub-missions, contaminant screening, and seaward scanning are just a few of the submissions that use underwater sensor hubs. Unmanned submerged vehicles (USVs) or autonomous acoustic underwater vehicles (AUVs) through sensors would similarly be able to explore unique underwater resources and gather data when utilized in conjunction with integrated screen operations. The most advanced technological method of oceanic observation is wireless information routing beneath the ocean or generally underwater. Water bottoms are typically observed using oceanographic sensors that collect data at certain ocean zones. Most research on UWSNs focuses on physical levels, even though the localization level, such as guiding processes, is a more recent zone. Analyzing the presenting metrics of the current direction conventions for UWSNs is crucial for considering additional enhancements in a procedure employing underwater wireless sensor networks for locating sensors (UWSNs). Due to their severely constrained propagation, radio frequency (RF) transmissions are inappropriate for underwater environments. This makes it difficult to maintain network connectivity and localization. This provided a plan for employing adequate reliability and improved communication and is used to locate the node exactly using a variety of methods. In order to minimize inaccuracies, specific techniques are utilized to calculate the distance to the destination. It has a variety of qualities, such as limited bandwidth, high latency, low energy, and a high error probability. Both nodes enable technical professionals stationed on land to communicate data from the chosen oceanic zones rapidly. This study investigates the significance, uses, network architecture, requirements, and difficulties of undersea sensors.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121573457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Quiescent Optical Solitons with Quadratic-Cubic and Generalized Quadratic-Cubic Nonlinearities 具有二次三次和广义二次三次非线性的静态光学孤子

Telecom Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.3390/telecom4010003

A. H. Arnous, A. Biswas, Y. Yıldırım, L. Moraru, S. Moldovanu, C. Iticescu, Salam Khan, H. Alshehri

引用次数: 1

RTL-DEVS: HDL Design and Simulation Methodology for DEVS Formalism-Based Simulation Tool 基于DEVS形式化的仿真工具的HDL设计与仿真方法

Telecom Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.3390/telecom4010002

B. Kwon, Sang-Won Jung, Young-Dan Noh, Jong-Sik Lee, Youngsin Han

引用次数: 0

Adaptive Hierarchical Density-Based Spatial Clustering Algorithm for Streaming Applications 基于自适应层次密度的流应用空间聚类算法

Telecom Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.3390/telecom4010001

Darveen Vijayan, I. Aziz

{"title":"Adaptive Hierarchical Density-Based Spatial Clustering Algorithm for Streaming Applications","authors":"Darveen Vijayan, I. Aziz","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010001","url":null,"abstract":"Clustering algorithms are commonly used in the mining of static data. Some examples include data mining for relationships between variables and data segmentation into components. The use of a clustering algorithm for real-time data is much less common. This is due to a variety of factors, including the algorithm’s high computation cost. In other words, the algorithm may be impractical for real-time or near-real-time implementation. Furthermore, clustering algorithms necessitate the tuning of hyperparameters in order to fit the dataset. In this paper, we approach clustering moving points using our proposed Adaptive Hierarchical Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (HDBSCAN) algorithm, which is an implementation of an adaptive approach to building the minimum spanning tree. We switch between the Boruvka and the Prim algorithms as a means to build the minimum spanning tree, which is one of the most expensive components of the HDBSCAN. The Adaptive HDBSCAN yields an improvement in execution time by 5.31% without depreciating the accuracy of the algorithm. The motivation for this research stems from the desire to cluster moving points on video. Cameras are used to monitor crowds and improve public safety. We can identify potential risks due to overcrowding and movements of groups of people by understanding the movements and flow of crowds. Surveillance equipment combined with deep learning algorithms can assist in addressing this issue by detecting people or objects, and the Adaptive HDBSCAN is used to cluster these items in real time to generate information about the clusters.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130980292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DRLLA: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Link Adaptation 链接自适应的深度强化学习

Telecom Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.3390/telecom3040037

Florian Geiser, Daniel Wessel, Matthias Hummert, A. Weber, D. Wübben, A. Dekorsy, Alberto Viseras

{"title":"DRLLA: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Link Adaptation","authors":"Florian Geiser, Daniel Wessel, Matthias Hummert, A. Weber, D. Wübben, A. Dekorsy, Alberto Viseras","doi":"10.3390/telecom3040037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom3040037","url":null,"abstract":"Link adaptation (LA) matches transmission parameters to conditions on the radio link, and therefore plays a major role in telecommunications. Improving LA is within the requirements for next-generation mobile telecommunication systems, and by refining link adaptation, a higher channel efficiency can be achieved (i.e., an increased data rate thanks to lower required bandwidth). Furthermore, by replacing traditional LA algorithms, radio transmission systems can better adapt themselves to a dynamic environment. There are several drawbacks to current state-of-the-art approaches, including predefined and static decision boundaries or relying on a single, low-dimensional metric. Nowadays, a broadly used approach to handle a variety of related input variables is a neural network (NN). NNs are able to make use of multiple inputs, and when combined with reinforcement learning (RL), the so-called deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach emerges. Using DRL, more complex parameter relationships can be considered in order to recommend the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) used in LA. Hence, this work examines the potential of DRL and includes experiments on different channels. The main contribution of this work lies in using DRL algorithms for LA, optimized for throughput based on a subcarrier observation matrix and a packet success rate feedback system. We apply Natural Actor-Critic (NAC) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithms on simulated channels with a subsequent feasibility study on a prerecorded real-world channel. Empirical results produced by experiments on the examined channels hint that Deep Reinforcement Learning for Link Adaptation (DRLLA) offers good performance indicated by a promising data rate on the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) channel, and a prerecorded real-world channel. No matter the channel impairment, the agent is able to respond to changing signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) levels, as exhibited by expected changes in the effective data rate.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128290554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Design and Implementation of a Smart Intercom System through Web Services on Web of Things 基于Web服务的物联网智能对讲系统的设计与实现

Telecom Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.3390/telecom3040036

Hsin-Yu Huang, Yong-Yi Fanjiang, Chi-Huang Hung, Chia-An Lee

{"title":"Design and Implementation of a Smart Intercom System through Web Services on Web of Things","authors":"Hsin-Yu Huang, Yong-Yi Fanjiang, Chi-Huang Hung, Chia-An Lee","doi":"10.3390/telecom3040036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom3040036","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an embedded system is used as a host for the intercom and as a chatbot server for this system. The chatbot server controls door locks, cameras, buzzers, and related devices through web services on the WoT (Web of Things) to provide residents and visitors with better functionality and integrational services. This system can greatly improve the security and convenience of the system compared with the traditional intercom system. The resident uses the instant messaging software of the smartphone to replace the handset function, and there is no need to install and learn new apps, reducing the cost of the handset and the wiring indoors and outdoors. Whether or not the residents are at home, they can check whether there are visitors and check the status of their doors through their smartphones. Conversely, any visitor can also contact the resident through this intercom, while there is no way to confirm whether the resident is at home or not, which enhances the security of the house. This system provides flexibility in wireless installation and use and sufficient mobility for residents. The system architecture strikes a good balance between user convenience and home security and between performance and cost, effectively improving home security and reducing costs.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127046591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Fifty Years of Fixed Optical Networks Evolution: A Survey of Architectural and Technological Developments in a Layered Approach 固定光网络发展的五十年:分层方法下的架构和技术发展综述

Telecom Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.3390/telecom3040035

D. Uzunidis, M. Logothetis, A. Stavdas, D. Hillerkuss, Ioannis Tomkos

{"title":"Fifty Years of Fixed Optical Networks Evolution: A Survey of Architectural and Technological Developments in a Layered Approach","authors":"D. Uzunidis, M. Logothetis, A. Stavdas, D. Hillerkuss, Ioannis Tomkos","doi":"10.3390/telecom3040035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom3040035","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past fifty years, telecommunications has transformed, in an unprecedented manner, the way we live, work and communicate. For telecommunications, fixed networks are the one pillar and wireless networks the other. The wireless networks and their generations have been extensively investigated in the literature; however, the fixed networks lack a consistent exploration of their evolution. For this purpose, our motivation is to present a review of the evolution of fixed networks in a holistic manner, from various different perspectives, which can assist engineers and students to understand, in a better way, how broadband networks developed and the main features of the current networking environment. Specifically, in this review, we aim to shed light on the most important technologies, standards and milestones of the fixed networks from various perspectives, such as the service perspective, the networking perspective (both access and core part) and the physical layer perspective. Our study follows the timeline of the five generations of fixed networks defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) F5G group and discusses the key achievements and limitations of each generation for each different infrastructure layer and segment, designating the most important issues for the most widely-adopted technologies and standards. Finally, our analysis helps to reveal the technical challenges that need to be addressed by the fixed telecom network community, such as energy efficiency, capacity scaling, cost-efficiency, etc., while also revealing potential future directions.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125463102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Coverage Extension for the UK Smart Meter Implementation Programme Using Mesh Connectivity 使用网状连接的英国智能电表实施计划的覆盖范围扩展

Telecom Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/telecom3040034

David Owens, Shuja Ansari, H. Cruickshank, R. Tafazolli, M. Imran

{"title":"Coverage Extension for the UK Smart Meter Implementation Programme Using Mesh Connectivity","authors":"David Owens, Shuja Ansari, H. Cruickshank, R. Tafazolli, M. Imran","doi":"10.3390/telecom3040034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom3040034","url":null,"abstract":"Smart meters (SM) with wireless capabilities are one of the most meaningful applications of the Internet of Things. Standards like Zigbee have found a niche in transmitting data on energy usage to the user and the supplier wirelessly via these meters and communication hubs. There are still certain difficulties, notably in delivering wireless connectivity to meters situated in difficult-to-reach locations such as basements or deep indoors. To solve this issue, this paper investigates the usage of mesh networks at 868 MHz, particularly to increase coverage, and proposes an additional mounted antenna to significantly increase outside coverage while providing the necessary coverage extension for hard-to-reach indoor locations. Extensive measurements were made in Newbury in both suburban and open environments for validation and delivery of a simple statistical model for the 868 MHz band in United Kingdom conurbations. Results presented in this paper estimate that mesh networks at 868 MHz can accommodate large areas constituting several SMs with the proposed coverage extension method. With our findings and proposed methods on mesh connectivity, only 1% of UK premises will require mesh radios to achieve the desired coverage.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131417689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Analysis of MPTCP Congestion Control MPTCP拥塞控制分析

Telecom Pub Date : 2022-10-19 DOI: 10.3390/telecom3040033

Farinaz Jowkarishasaltaneh, J. But

引用次数: 2

Development of an Analog Gauge Reading Solution Based on Computer Vision and Deep Learning for an IoT Application 基于计算机视觉和深度学习的物联网应用模拟仪表读取解决方案的开发

Telecom Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.3390/telecom3040032

João Peixoto, João Sousa, Ricardo Carvalho, Gonçalo Santos, J. Mendes, Ricardo Cardoso, Ana Reis

{"title":"Development of an Analog Gauge Reading Solution Based on Computer Vision and Deep Learning for an IoT Application","authors":"João Peixoto, João Sousa, Ricardo Carvalho, Gonçalo Santos, J. Mendes, Ricardo Cardoso, Ana Reis","doi":"10.3390/telecom3040032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom3040032","url":null,"abstract":"In many industries, analog gauges are monitored manually, thus posing problems, especially in large facilities where gauges are often placed in hard-to-access or dangerous locations. This work proposes a solution based on a microcontroller (ESP32-CAM) and a camera (OV2640 with a 65° FOV lent) to capture a gauge image and send it to a local computer where it is processed, and the results are presented in a dashboard accessible through the web. This was achieved by first applying a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to detect the gauge with the CenterNet HourGlass104 model. After locating the dial, it is segmented using the circle Hough transform, followed by a polar transformation to determine the pointer angle using the pixel projection. In the end, the indicating value is determined using the angle method. The dataset used was composed of 204 gauge images split into train and test sets using a 70:30 ratio. Due to the small size of the dataset, a diverse set of data augmentations were applied to obtain high accuracy and a well-generalized gauge detection model. Additionally, the experimental results demonstrated adequate robustness and accuracy for industrial environments achieving an average relative error of 0.95%.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134159845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

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