Telecom最新文献

{"title":"Ecological Dynamics and Evolution of Cooperation in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","authors":"Javad Salimi Sartakhti, Fatemeh Stodt","doi":"10.3390/telecom4020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4020014","url":null,"abstract":"In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), promoting cooperative behavior is a challenging problem for mechanism designers. Cooperative actions, such as disseminating data, can seem at odds with rationality and may benefit other vehicles at a cost to oneself. Without additional mechanisms, it is expected that cooperative behavior in the population will decrease and eventually disappear. Classical game theoretical models for cooperation, such as the public goods game, predict this outcome, but they assume fixed population sizes and overlook the ecological dynamics of the interacting vehicles. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary public goods game that incorporates VANET ecological dynamics and offers new insights for promoting cooperation. Our model considers free spaces, population density, departure rates of vehicles, and randomly composed groups for each data sender. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that higher population densities and departure rates, due to minimum differences between pay-offs of vehicles, promote cooperative behavior. This feedback between ecological dynamics and evolutionary game dynamics leads to interesting results. Our proposed model demonstrates a new extension of evolutionary dynamics to vehicles of varying densities. We show that it is possible to promote cooperation in VANETs without the need for any supporting mechanisms. Future research can investigate the potential for using this model in practical settings.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115482811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and Multiobjective Optimization of a Machine Learning Algorithm for Wireless Telecommunication","authors":"Samah Temim, L. Talbi, F. Bensebaa","doi":"10.3390/telecom4020013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4020013","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a fast deployment of wireless networks in recent years, which has been accompanied by significant impacts on the environment. Among the solutions that have been proven to be effective in reducing the energy consumption of wireless networks is the use of machine learning algorithms in cell traffic management. However, despite promising results, it should be noted that the computations required by machine learning algorithms have increased at an exponential rate. Massive computing has a surprisingly large carbon footprint, which could affect its real-world deployment. Thus, additional attention needs to be paid to the design and parameterization of these algorithms applied in order to reduce the energy consumption of wireless networks. In this article, we analyze the impact of hyperparameters on the energy consumption and performance of machine learning algorithms used for cell traffic prediction. For each hyperparameter (number of layers, number of neurons per layer, optimizer algorithm, batch size, and dropout) we identified a set of feasible values. Then, for each combination of hyperparameters, we trained our model and analyzed energy consumption and the resulting performance. The results from this study reveal a great correlation between hyperparameters and energy consumption, confirming the paramount importance of selecting optimal hyperparameters. A tradeoff between the minimization of energy consumption and the maximization of machine learning performance is suggested.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125508656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symbiotic Analysis of Security Assessment and Penetration Tests Guiding Real L4 Automated City Shuttles","authors":"Meriem Benyahya, Pierre Bergerat, A. Collen, N. A. Nijdam","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010012","url":null,"abstract":"The Connected Automated Vehicle (CAV)’s deployment is proof of the wide evolution of autonomous driving technologies enabling vehicles to gradually dispose of their drivers. Within the scope of smart cities, such innovation has given rise to a new type of CAV: the Automated City Shuttle (ACS). Foreseen as the new paradigm aiming to shape the public transport model, the ACS elicits a plurality of new applications, such as the on-demand service in which a driverless shuttle offers the desired ride without human intervention. However, such a model raises cybersecurity concerns through the numerous attack surfaces and vehicle hyperconnection. This phenomenon was highlighted in several studies on CAVs, but very few research works tackled the specific case of ACSs, whose challenges and risks far exceed those of personal vehicles. The present work offers a comprehensive investigation of cybersecurity attacks, demonstrates a performed risk assessment based on the ISO/SAE 21434 standard, and showcases a penetration test over a real ACS of automation level four (L4) according to the Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE)’s ranking. Based on our experiments, we leverage fundamental cybersecurity recommendations with a focus on the ACS’s physical security.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130904339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Applications for MEMS-Based Sensors and Manufacturing Process Optimization","authors":"Itilekha Podder, Tamas Fischl, Udo Bub","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010011","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology-based sensors have found diverse fields of application due to the advancement in semiconductor manufacturing technology, which produces sensitive, low-cost, and powerful sensors. Due to the fabrication of different electrical and mechanical components on a single chip and complex process steps, MEMS sensors are prone to deterministic and random errors. Thus, testing, calibration, and quality control have become obligatory to maintain the quality and reliability of the sensors. This is where Artificial Intelligence (AI) can provide significant benefits, such as handling complex data, performing root cause analysis, efficient feature estimation, process optimization, product improvement, time-saving, automation, fault diagnosis and detection, drift compensation, signal de-noising, etc. Despite several benefits, the embodiment of AI poses multiple challenges. This review paper provides a systematic, in-depth analysis of AI applications in the MEMS-based sensors field for both the product and the system level adaptability by analyzing more than 100 articles. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art, current trends of AI applications in MEMS sensors and outlines the challenges of AI incorporation in an industrial setting to improve manufacturing processes. Finally, we reflect upon all the findings based on the three proposed research questions to discover the future research scope.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114983023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antenna-on-Chip for Millimeter Wave Applications Using CMOS Process Technology","authors":"M. Chung, Yu-Hsun Chen, Ing-Peng Meiy","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010010","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a monopole patch antenna is designed, and the structure of the antenna is analyzed. The manufacturing process adopts TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process technology. An artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) on the M1 layer is proposed in this paper to increase the radiation gain and reduce the reflection coefficient (S11) magnitude for impedance matching and antenna performance. This method can make up for the radiation efficiency and benefits of the antenna-on-chip that are affected by the high dielectric constant and low resistivity of the silicon substrate of the CMOS process. The antenna designed in this paper obtains a simulated bandwidth of 37.5 GHz to 69.5 GHz using the Electromagnetic Simulation Software, and the fractional bandwidth of the design is 60%. Among them, 62 GHz shows a maximum gain value of −2.64 dBi. Actual measurements have confirmed that the reflection coefficient of the antenna on the chip proposed in this paper is the same as the simulation trend, and a wider bandwidth is obtained from 20.9 GHz to 67 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 104.89%. This bandwidth covers millimeter wave 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 60 GHz application frequencies.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132240081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Twins for Construction Projects—Developing a Risk Systematization Approach to Facilitate Anomaly Detection in Smart Buildings","authors":"Tareq J. Salem, M. Dragomir","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010009","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to analyze and discuss the risks facing construction projects by reviewing some of the processes and procedures that address risks through the use of the digital twin technology. The paper studies generic risks and their treatment, and it develops a proposal for risk management systematization using the Digital Twin for Construction Projects approach, previously developed by the authors. It addresses how to classify risks so that the digital system is fed with the proper information and data, which is based on processing and analysis, to reach understandable decisions and overcome anomalies. The research reached a set of results, the most prominent of which is that the digital twin can be used to enhance risk management in construction projects through adapted techniques such as the ones proposed in the paper; namely, a risk treatment procedure and a custom risk matrix. In addition, risk management treated according to a digital approach helps to improve the prediction capabilities, and this helps human decision-makers to avoid potential unplanned costs and failures, and to maximize efficiency. The study also recommends new investigations in the field of safeguarding shared information and data to protect from intentional and accidental mismanagement in order to reach a comprehensive digital system.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"30 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132399700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning Based Recommendation System for Web-Search Learning","authors":"Veeramanickam M. R. M., Ciro Rodríguez, Carlos Navarro Depaz, Ulises Román Concha, B. Pandey, Reena S. Kharat, Raja Marappan","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010008","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, e-learning and web-based learning are the most integrated new learning methods in schools, colleges, and higher educational institutions. The recent web-search-based learning methodological approach has helped online users (learners) to search for the required topics from the available online resources. The learners extracted knowledge from textual, video, and image formats through web searching. This research analyzes the learner’s significant attention to searching for the required information online and develops a new recommendation system using machine learning (ML) to perform the web searching. The learner’s navigation and eye movements are recorded using sensors. The proposed model automatically analyzes the learners’ interests while performing online searches and the origin of the acquired and learned information. The ML model maps the text and video contents and obtains a better recommendation. The proposed model analyzes and tracks online resource usage and comprises the following steps: information logging, information processing, and word mapping operations. The learner’s knowledge of the captured online resources using the sensors is analyzed to enhance the response time, selectivity, and sensitivity. On average, the learners spent more hours accessing the video and the textual information and fewer hours accessing the images. The percentage of participants addressing the two different subject quizzes, Q1 and Q2, increased when the learners attempted the quiz after the web search; 43.67% of the learners addressed the quiz Q1 before completing the web search, and 75.92% addressed the quiz Q2 after the web search. The average word counts analysis corresponding to text, videos, overlapping text or video, and comprehensive resources indicates that the proposed model can also apply for a continuous multi sessions online search learning environment. The experimental analysis indicates that better measures are obtained for the proposed recommender using sensors and ML compared with other methods in terms of recall, ranking score, and precision. The proposed model achieves a precision of 27% when the recommendation size becomes 100. The root mean square error (RMSE) lies between 8% and 16% when the number of learners < 500, and the maximum value of RMSE is 21% when the number of learners reaches 1500. The proposed recommendation model achieves better results than the state-of-the-art methods.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124184560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Performance Analysis of an In-Band Full-Duplex MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks","authors":"Md. Abdur Rahman, M. M. Rahman, M. A. Alim","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a MAC protocol for ad hoc networks using In-band Full-duplex (IBFD) wireless communications, which are named as AdHoc-FDMAC. To utilize IBFD communications in ad hoc networks, this protocol modifies a number of control frames in the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) MAC standard. Here, the detailed time sequences for all types of IBFD communications are shown for the data transmission and routing. In this paper, the probability and throughput equations for IBFD communications in different situations have been derived. The performance of the proposed AdHoc-FDMAC has been analysed in terms of probability, throughput, and routing time. The Maximum throughput of AdHoc-FDMAC has been found to be 48.34 Mbps, and it is compared with a recently published ad hoc MAC as well as with the conventional HD MAC. The AdHoc-FDMAC outperforms the recently published ad hoc MAC and conventional HD MAC by 16.80% and 66.50% throughput gain, respectively. AdHoc-FDMAC incorporates the existing Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, but this AODV routing is utilized here using IBFD communications. This paper also compares the routing time of the IBFD-based AODV with the conventional AODV. The result shows that the IBFD-based AODV requires 33.33% less routing time than that of the conventional AODV for 3-hop distance between the transmitter and receiver. This paper suggests that the AdHoc-FDMAC protocol provides much more throughput in ad hoc networks by utilizing IBFD communications.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125150232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile Services for Smart Agriculture and Forestry, Biodiversity Monitoring, and Water Management: Challenges for 5G/6G Networks","authors":"Lechosław Tomaszewski, Robert Kołakowski","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010006","url":null,"abstract":"5G and beyond mobile networks are envisioned as the fundamental components that drive business and societal transformation. The deterioration of the natural environment and climate change have raised questions regarding the role of the mobile network ecosystem and its potential to accelerate innovations in industrial and societal sustainability. This paper describes the challenges facing 5G/6G mobile networks from sectors essential for the sustainable use of natural resources, which include smart agriculture and forestry, biodiversity monitoring, and water management. Based on recent advancements in the above-mentioned domains, the identification of use cases and their requirements are performed together with the evaluation of current and expected future support provided by 5G and 6G networks. Finally, a list of open issues and challenges to be tackled to enable the implementation of carrier-grade services for these sectors using 5G and 6G platforms is presented.","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123329239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Telecom in 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/telecom4010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4010005","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]","PeriodicalId":301561,"journal":{"name":"Telecom","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127399216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}