International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Current Research Issues in Regarding Health as a Fundamental Human Right","authors":"Olga Sovova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3046484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3046484","url":null,"abstract":"Health is considered a fundamental human right that is the basis for the exercise of other human rights and is essential for a dignified life. An effective system of health care provision is a crucial institution within a society, one which carries the same significance as the justice and democratic political system. The paper examines the right to health as a basic human right and points out, that the topical issues are resolved by legal practice and case-law, but not by the doctrine. The right to health concerns not only the provision of health care, but also the human right when seeking health services not to become a mere faceless object within a system administered by the state or by other authorities. The paper explores the right to health as a fundamental human entitlement, the specific character of which is determined by the boundaries of the legal regulations and interpretations of all fundamental human rights, together with economic and cultural rights.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128085383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Countries’ Human Rights Positions in UN Universal Periodic Review","authors":"Ehsaneddin Asgari, A. Sanaei","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3029031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3029031","url":null,"abstract":"We use country reviews in United Nations’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) to obtain multi-dimensional measures of similarity between countries. UPR is a mechanism that involves a review of all UN member states. The process is designed to treat all states equally and be cognizant of the level of development and specificities of countries under review. One of the unique aspects of the UPR is the peer review, where any state can offer recommendations for the state under review. The first review cycle was conducted from 2008-2012 and the second cycle has finished in November 2016. We obtain measures of similarity based on the similarity of the recommendations that states gave other states and also based on the similarity of the recommendations that states received from other states. \u0000In order to obtain these measures of semantic similarity, we use a method that exploits continuous vector representation of words known as word vectors, which is considered the state-of-the-art for measuring textual similarities in natural language processing. We use word-vectors pre-trained on the Google News dataset to ensure a reasonable coverage of political terminology. This method provides many improvements over the existing methods. Most importantly, there are fewer subjective decisions to be made (for example, one does not need to choose the number of latent topics). The proposed method does not need to rely on a huge corpus and can be used on small and large data sets alike. Furthermore, the method is computationally very efficient and does not need to solve a non-convex optimization problem. \u0000Our early results indicate that comments received by countries in the UPR process indeed captures real human rights records of countries, especially when one averages over all the comments received from different states.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"301 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126625421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Judicial Mechanisms in Global Footwear and Apparel Supply Chains: Lessons from Workers in Indonesia","authors":"Tim Connor, A. Delaney, S. Rennie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3014635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3014635","url":null,"abstract":"This case study describes how Indonesian garment and footwear workers, and allied organisations have used a combination of strategies to pursue their rights, which includes engaging with local and international non-judicial mechanisms. The case study analyses their efforts to influence the local and global forces that determine their working conditions. Major footwear brands that sell their goods globally produce the factories under study.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125000398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Politics of International Testing","authors":"Rie Kijima, Phillip Y. Lipscy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2995226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2995226","url":null,"abstract":"How does quantifying and ranking national performance influence state behavior? Cross-national assessments in education, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) promoted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), have become increasingly prominent in recent years. However, cross-national assessments are politically contentious, and their impact remains underexplored. We argue that assessment participation has a meaningful, positive impact on education outcomes and evaluate three hypotheses related to elite, domestic, and transnational mechanisms. Our mixed-method approach draws on a panel dataset covering all cross-national assessments and all countries as well as an original survey of education officials directly responsible for planning and implementation in 46 countries. We find that assessment participation increases net secondary enrollment rates even after accounting for potential self-selection. The magnitude of this increase is large: on a global basis, it is equivalent to improved access to higher education for 27–32 million students annually. The empirical evidence suggests elite-level mechanisms are primarily responsible for these findings.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"242 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122377477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criminal Innovation and Illicit Global Markets: Transnational Crime in Asia","authors":"R. Broadhurst","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2842099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2842099","url":null,"abstract":"The scope and form of organized crime in Asia, has been re-vitalized by the immense demand for the recreational use of methamphetamines ('ice'), ecstasy and new psychoactive substances (NPS) by the increasingly wealthy residents of the cities of East Asia and beyond. The scale of the problem has attracted serious attention by several governments. The Peoples Republic of China (PRC), for example, in October 2015 designated alpha-PVPalpha ('flakka' - a NPS) a controlled substance and placed restrictions on the export of a-PVP and another 115 chemical substances used to make synthetic drugs but without any legitimate medical or other use. Action on the suppression of the export of precursor chemicals is essential and India another major source of ephedrine, also needs to act. President Duterte's bloody 'war on drug traffickers' in the Philippines has already cost more lives than Thaskin's controversial war on drugs in Thailand in 2003 may also ultimately serve to consolidate organized crime groups, raise the cost of protection and temporarily displace activities to less hostile locations. This paper briefly reviews the scale and scope of the problem and the main actors engaged in illicit markets in the region. It concludes with comment on the effectiveness of countermeasures.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116775072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Russian Practices in Industrial Statistics with UN Recommendations: Similarities and Differences in Classifications, Data Items and Indicators","authors":"L. Kitrar, G. Ostapkovich, T. Lipkind, K. Gumeniuk, Liudmila Katorgina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2928059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2928059","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares Russian state information systems of industry with UN international recommendations. The harmonization of the Russian information system with successful international practices is necessary for measuring the main industrial indicator levels and dynamics in comparison with the information analogues of both cross-border and strategically important countries. This allows the estimation of the efficiency and competitiveness of Russian industry and the best decisions to be made at all levels of governance in Russia including in the technology and innovation policy sphere. The study shows that a significant number of annual, quarterly, monthly and weekly reporting forms within the Russian statistical system in the absence of a single questionnaire for obtaining comprehensive information from an enterprise and unified methodological recommendations do not solve the information gap problem. The available disaggregated information is not sufficient to analyse the quality and effectiveness of industrial policy, especially in comparison with global levels and tendencies of re-industrialization. The state statistical system needs modernization to reduce the reporting burden on enterprises and improve information transparency and comparability at the detailed level.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129952743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theorizing Regulatory Intermediaries: The RIT Model","authors":"Kenneth W. Abbott, D. Levi‐Faur, D. Snidal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2925411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2925411","url":null,"abstract":"Regulation is typically conceived as a two-party relationship between a rule-maker or regulator (R) and a rule-taker or target (T). We set out an agenda for the study of regulation (and rules more broadly) as a three- (or more) party relationship – with intermediaries (I) at the center of the analysis. Intermediaries play major and varied roles in regulation, from providing expertise and feedback to facilitating implementation, monitoring the behavior of regulatory targets and building communities of assurance and trust. After developing the basic RIT model, we discuss important extensions and variations. We then discuss the varieties of regulatory capture that appear where intermediaries are involved. Empirical chapters in the volume apply the RIT framework and suggest extensions and modifications.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123881231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Human Right to Water: A Research Guide & Annotated Bibliography","authors":"Jootaek Lee, Maraya Best","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2924632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2924632","url":null,"abstract":"Countries, small and large, developed, or developing, all have issues relating to water in terms of quality, quantity, and access. These issues need imminent and efficient solutions because of the critical importance of water to human health, life, and dignity; A lack of water can lead to death from dehydration, as well as other serious diseases and risks. Women, children, minority groups, indigenous peoples, refugees, and prisoners are most vulnerable to water problems. The goal 7.C of the Millennium Development goals (“MDGs”) based on the United Nations Millennium Declaration (“Millennium Declaration”) set a target to reduce by half the portion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. The goal, however, could not be fully reached due to the various reasons, including physical water scarcity, the failure of institutions, lack of infrastructure, poverty, and rapid growth of population. A wide variety of solutions to solve the issues and problems relating to water have been suggested by international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and human rights activists as well as national governments. The solutions were provided in order to address the matters directly or indirectly originated from various roots, such as poverty, inequality, and political, social, cultural, and environmental challenges. In addition, one of the most promising approaches to solve the water issues is to legally recognize access to water as a human right. Researching right to water issues involves a wide variety of documents produced by various entities, including inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations and states. Research is made more difficult by the complex reasons and motivations behind the right to water, the difficulty of defining water and the right to water, the diversity of stakeholders involved — including indigenous people and minority groups — the complicated and interdisciplinary nature of research — including data, statistics, strategies, and implementation plans — many different types of legal sources to search — including international treaties, custom, general principles of law, jurisprudence, soft law, and domestic statutes. The research is a mixture of international and domestic legal research and non-legal research. In order to ease away the difficulty of researching right to water, this article first investigates various definitions of water and right to water and identifies the difficulties of this research. Next, this article delineates the history of laws relating to water and various mechanisms and international principles that can be useful for protecting the rights of indigenous and local people. Finally, the article selectively reviews several books and articles that provide excellent starting points for right to water research.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133476634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parents' Nonstandard Work Hours and Children's Time Use in Spain: The Intersection of Parental Work Schedules, Gender, and Education","authors":"Pablo Gracia, J. García-Román","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2924016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2924016","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses time-diary data from two-parent families with children aged 10-16 (N = 913) to analyse how parental work schedules interfere with children’s daily activities in Spain, a country where evening work is strongly institutionalised. Fathers’ work schedules are generally unrelated to children’s time use. Mothers’ evening work hours are significantly associated to less time on “developmental” family and educational activities, and with more time spent watching television and doing electronic activities without parents, two potentially “risky” activities in developmental terms. These associations generally apply to less-educated mothers, but not to high-educated mothers. On weekends, children with mothers who were more active on evening work during the week disproportionately participate in educational and family activities, reflecting partly a compensatory pattern in time use allocation. Overall, results suggest that constraints associated to evening work hours influence children’s daily activities, but with remarkable gendered and socioeconomic inequalities in family life.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116404815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"El Consumo De Drogas En Colombia: Una Reflexión Desde El Derecho Internacional De Los Derechos Humanos (Drug Consumption in Colombia: A View from the International Human Rights Law)","authors":"P. Iregui, M. Palacios, Mariana A. Torres, S. Moreno, B. Triana","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2931139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2931139","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Para los Estados y los Organismos Internacionales, una de las principales preocupaciones es hallar un balance entre la persecucion del delito de trafico de estupefacientes y el respeto al Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. En este sentido, el presente articulo pretende analizar si existen unos estandares internacionales sobre la proteccion de los derechos de los consumidores de drogas y sustancias psicoactivas en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y el Sistema Universal de Derechos Humanos y si estos se han implementado en la legislacion colombiana del Siglo XXI. \u0000English Abstract: It is well known by International Organizations the big challenge for the States to create the balance between the fight and persecution of drugs and the respect of the dignity and individual freedoms contained both in internal constitutions of the countries and in international treaties. Therefore our research problem is: Which are the international Human Rights standards of drug consumers in the Inter-American system and the Universal Human Rights System and if they exist in the Colombian law of the 21st century?","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128701454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}