NSW Public Health Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Tuberculosis: an old world disease providing new world challenges in NSW.","authors":"Guy B Marks, Amanda Christensen, Vitali Sintchenko, Chris Lowbridge","doi":"10.1071/NB13007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB13007","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a complex, difficult disease from both public health and clinical perspectives. Problems are the norm, rather than the exception.The NSW TB Control Program consists of a network of highly experienced physicians, nurses, laboratory and public health personnel, working closely to manage this ongoing threat to public health. The following four case studies present issues encountered in managing TB in New South Wales (NSW).","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"22-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Costs of a contact screening activity in a neonatal intensive care unit.","authors":"Kate E Fisher, Nicole F Cook, Guy B Marks","doi":"10.1071/NB12108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12108","url":null,"abstract":"InMarch 2011, a medical officer working in a metropolitan New South Wales (NSW) neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).Hehad immigrated toAustralia froma high-incidence country 2 years earlier with negative pre-immigration screening. Occupational TB screening prior to commencing employment at the hospital, conducted in line with NSW Health policy, was also negative. The man was screened again, also in line with the NSW Health policy, after he displayed TB symptoms (i.e. a 6-month history of nonproductive cough and weight loss), and was smear-positive on induced sputum. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was confirmed on polymerase chain reaction, fully sensitive to standard anti-TB therapy.","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"29-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EpiReview: tuberculosis in NSW, 2009-2011.","authors":"Chris Lowbridge,&nbsp;Amanda Christensen,&nbsp;Jeremy M McAnulty","doi":"10.1071/NB12115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To describe the epidemiology of tuberculosis in NSW between 2009 and 2011 and compare with previous years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from all cases of tuberculosis notified in NSW during this period were extracted from the Notifiable Conditions Information Management System. Descriptive analyses of notification data were undertaken. Incidence rates were calculated per 100000 population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2009 and 2011, there were 1548 cases of tuberculosis notified in NSW, translating to an average annual notification rate of 7.2 per 100000 population for this period. A total of 89% (n=1371) of notified cases were overseas-born, and 1.6% (n=24) of cases were recorded as Aboriginal persons. The most common site of infection was the lung (60% of cases). Of notified cases, 68% were reported as having been tested for HIV, of which 3%(n=28) of cases had HIV/tuberculosis co-infection. There were 20 cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, including one case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The notification rate of tuberculosis in NSW has remained relatively stable over the past two decades, though small incremental increases since 2003 are evident. Endemic transmission of tuberculosis within sub-groups of the NSW population, as well as the ongoing high endemnicity for tuberculosis in neighbouring countries, highlight the importance of tuberculosis control as a continued strategic priority for disease control in NSW.</p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31576524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis, public health and gathering new evidence to guide control efforts.","authors":"Amanda Christensen,&nbsp;Chris Lowbridge,&nbsp;Guy B Marks,&nbsp;Vitali Sintchenko","doi":"10.1071/NB12124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12124","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To describe the epidemiology of tuberculosis in NSW between 2009 and 2011 and comparewith previous years.Methods:Data from all cases of tuberculosis notified in NSW during this period were extracted from the Notifiable Conditions Information Management System. Descriptive analyses of notification data were undertaken. Incidence rates were calculated per 100 000 population. Results: Between 2009 and 2011, there were 1548 cases of tuberculosis notified in NSW, translating to an average annual notification rate of 7.2 per 100 000 population for this period. A total of 89% (n1⁄4 1371) of notified cases were overseas-born, and 1.6% (n1⁄4 24) of cases were recorded as Aboriginal persons. The most common site of infection was the lung (60% of cases). Of notified cases, 68% were reported as having been tested for HIV, of which 3% (n1⁄4 28) of cases had HIV/tuberculosis co-infection. There were 20 cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, including one case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Conclusion: The notification rate of tuberculosis in NSW has remained relatively stable over the past two decades, though small incremental increases since 2003 are evident. Endemic transmission of tuberculosis within subgroups of the NSW population, as well as the ongoing high endemnicity for tuberculosis in neighbouring countries, highlight the importance of tuberculosis control as a continued strategic priority for disease control in NSW. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a disease of global public health significance. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2011 there were 8.7 million incident cases of TB and 1.4 million TB-related deaths, as well as an additional 430 000 deaths as a result of TB and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. In Australia the incidence of TB is low: in 2010 it was reported by WHO to be 6.1 cases per 100 000 population. Mortality from TB, excluding HIV-positive cases, was less than one TB-related death per 100 000 population in Australia in 2010. Despite Australia’s low incidence, TB control remains a challenge as the epidemiology of this disease must be considered in a global context given the frequency of international travel and migration from high-incidence countries. The incidence and prevalence of TB in many of Australia’s international neighbours remains high. Twenty-two countries account for 80% of the global burden of TB; nine of these countries are within the South-East Asian and Western Pacific Regions. These two regions also account for approximately 18% of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases. Given the global context of TB epidemiology, elimination of disease within any given country is not considered feasible. The key goals and strategies of the New South Wales (NSW) TB Control Program therefore focus on case finding, early diagnoses and effective treatment in order to minimise and eliminate local transmission. NSW has a strong surveillance system in place, whereby all patients diagnosed w","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31576523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Communicable diseases report, NSW, September and October 2012.","authors":"","doi":"10.1071/nb12123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/nb12123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For updated information, including data and facts on specific diseases, visit www.health.nsw.gov.au and click on Public Health and then Infectious Diseases. The communicable diseases site is available at: http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/infectious/index.asp.</p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"23 11-12","pages":"239-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31381735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving participation by Aboriginal children in blood lead screening services in Broken Hill, NSW.","authors":"Susan L Thomas, Frances Boreland, David M Lyle","doi":"10.1071/NB11056","DOIUrl":"10.1071/NB11056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>Lead poses a health risk to young children with detrimental effects on their intellectual development. Attendance rates for Aboriginal children at routine blood lead screening and at follow-up appointments in Broken Hill, NSW, have declined in recent years. This study sought to identify strategies to improve the participation of Aboriginal children aged 1-4 years in blood lead screening services in Broken Hill.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Attendance rates during the period 2000-2010 were determined using the Broken Hill Lead Management database. From June to August 2011, Aboriginal community members, service providers and public health staff were invited to interviews and focus groups to explore barriers, enablers and suggestions for improving participation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2009, 27% of Aboriginal children aged 1-4 years attended blood lead screening and 29% of these children with blood lead levels over 15 µg/dL attended follow-up appointments. Barriers to participation in lead screening services included community perceptions, reduced service capacity, socio-economic and interorganisational factors. Enablers included using a culturally acceptable model, linking lead screening with routine health checks and using the finger-prick method of testing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The final report for the study included recommendations to improve participation rates of Aboriginal children including using social marketing, formalising collaboration between health services, supporting disadvantaged families and employing an Aboriginal Health Worker.</p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"23 11-12","pages":"234-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31307309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in notifiable blood lead levels in NSW, 1998-2008.","authors":"Evan J Freeman,&nbsp;Siranda Torvaldsen,&nbsp;Adam Capon,&nbsp;Glenda L Lawrence","doi":"10.1071/NB11033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB11033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>In the absence of published statewide notification data, the aim of this study was to analyse trends in notifiable blood lead levels (hereafter referred to as lead poisoning) in NSW from 1998 to 2008, to help inform lead poisoning notification policy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>NSW blood lead poisoning notification data for 1998-2008 were extracted from the Notifiable Diseases Database and analysed by age, gender and Area Health Service of residence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 6000 lead poisoning notifications from 1998 to 2008, with an average annual notification rate of 11.8 per 100 000 population for 1998-2003. This rate declined to an average of 4.0 per 100 000 population in the period 2004-2008. Males accounted for 92% of notifications, and males aged 20-59 years had average notification rates between 20 and 27 per 100 000 population. Children aged 0-4 years had notification rates of 9.3 per 100 000 population in girls and 13.6 per 100 000 population in boys.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Notification rates have fallen dramatically, however children aged 0-4 years and men are disproportionately represented in lead poisoning notifications.</p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"23 11-12","pages":"228-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/NB11033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31307308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating public health chemicals policy in Australia: a policy maker's and practitioner's guide.","authors":"Adam Capon,&nbsp;Wayne Smith,&nbsp;James A Gillespie","doi":"10.1071/NB12110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemicals are ubiquitous in everyday life. Environmental health practitioners rely on a complex web of regulators and policy bodies to ensure the protection of public health, yet few understand the full extent of this web. A lack of understanding can hamper public health response and impede policy development. In this paper we map the public health chemicals policy landscape in Australia and conclude that an understanding of this system is essential for effective environmental health responses and policy development.</p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"23 11-12","pages":"217-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31307307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bug breakfast in the bulletin: the early impact of the national HPV vaccination program.","authors":"Emma Quinn,&nbsp;Basil Donovan,&nbsp;Vicky K Sheppeard","doi":"10.1071/NB12071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12071","url":null,"abstract":"The human papillomavirus (HPV) family are a group of DNA viruses that are diverse and ubiquitous. There are about 100HPV genotypes known to infect humans, of which about 40 infect the anogenital epithelium. These genotypes can be further divided into risk categories depending on their association with cancer. Low-risk genotypes (such as HPV 6 and 11) are responsible for over 90% of genital warts and high-risk genotypes (such as HPV 16 and 18) are responsible for 70–80% of cervical, 85–90% of anal, about 50% of penile and 40–70% of vulvovaginal cancers.","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"23 9-10","pages":"208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31359452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling measles in NSW: how are we doing in the context of other countries in the Western Pacific?","authors":"Robert I Menzies,&nbsp;Margaret Burgess,&nbsp;David N Durrheim","doi":"10.1071/NB12080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12080","url":null,"abstract":"[Extract] Global measles control over the past decade has been very successful. Estimated deaths have fallen by 74% from 535 300 in 2000 to 139 300 in 2010.¹ While the goal of eradicating global measles transmission has not yet been formally adopted, five of six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have set deadlines for elimination of endemic measles transmission* (the exception being the South East Asian Region).² This was achieved in the Americas in 2002 and has been maintained since then.³ However, after 8 years of decline, global case numbers have increased in the past 3 years due to substantial outbreaks in Africa and Europe.⁴ In Europe in 2011 there were more than 30 000 cases of measles notified with at least eight deaths.⁵Significant outbreaks occurred in France (15 000 cases), Italy, Spain, Romania and Germany. More than 80% of cases occurred in unvaccinated persons – the main reason for these outbreaks is failure to vaccinate. It is likely that countries with major outbreaks will need to consider 'catch-up' programs, as well as improved primary vaccination coverage with two doses of measles-containing vaccine. In Africa large outbreaks have recently been experienced in 60% of countries.⁶","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"23 9-10","pages":"169-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/NB12080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31359447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}