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Tuberculosis: an emerging zoonosis. 结核病:一种新出现的人畜共患病。
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB12098
Larry Vogelnest
{"title":"Tuberculosis: an emerging zoonosis.","authors":"Larry Vogelnest","doi":"10.1071/NB12098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12098","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is primarily a disease of humans who are considered the primary reservoir host for this pathogen. It is an ancient disease, with descriptions dating back thousands of years. It is currently estimated that one-third of the global human population is infected, 1 and TB accounts for millions of","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"32-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/NB12098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
What do we know about the outcomes of tuberculosis contact investigations in NSW? 我们对新南威尔士州结核病接触调查的结果了解多少?
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB12099
Claudia C Dobler
{"title":"What do we know about the outcomes of tuberculosis contact investigations in NSW?","authors":"Claudia C Dobler","doi":"10.1071/NB12099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A recently conducted study on tuberculosis contact investigations in six Sydney tuberculosis clinics - that together managed 59% of all tuberculosis cases in NSW from January 2000 to December 2009 - found that the prevalence of tuberculosis among contacts was comparable to other low-incidence settings. However, only 9% of contacts with latent tuberculosis infection received treatment. This paper explores the results of the study, evaluating potential missed opportunities to prevent tuberculosis among contacts, and discussing the mechanisms in decision making about treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. In particular, the paper focuses on the challenges of tuberculin skin test interpretation among contacts who have received Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination and who were born in countries where tuberculosis is endemic. </p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"34-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in children. 儿童结核病的诊断、治疗和预防。
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB12100
Philip Britton, Carlos M Perez-Velez, Ben J Marais
{"title":"Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in children.","authors":"Philip Britton,&nbsp;Carlos M Perez-Velez,&nbsp;Ben J Marais","doi":"10.1071/NB12100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Australia, tuberculosis notification rates have plateaued at a low level and disease is highly concentrated in immigrant communities where children may be affected. Many clinicians regard tuberculosis as an adult disease, hence it is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of sick children. This paper provides a brief overview of the natural history of the disease in children to demonstrate the importance of taking a careful tuberculosis exposure history. It also provides guidance regarding the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in children. The management of paediatric cases is not difficult if important differences with adult disease are carefully considered; these differences are discussed in detail. </p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"15-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Monitoring for adverse events among patients on tuberculosis therapy. 结核治疗患者不良事件监测。
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB12111
David Michail
{"title":"Monitoring for adverse events among patients on tuberculosis therapy.","authors":"David Michail","doi":"10.1071/NB12111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12111","url":null,"abstract":"In Australia, patients with diagnosed or clinically suspected TB are treated under the guidance of a specialist with training in TB management. Standard therapy for TB follows international and Australian guidelines and traditionally involves an intensive phase of drug therapy followed by a continuation phase. The majority of treatment – with only rare exceptions – is administered by directly observed therapy (DOT) to aidwith compliance and completion of therapy. The overall goals of treatment are to cure the patient and to minimise the risk of transmission to others.","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"24-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Australia's role in promoting and supporting tuberculosis control in the Western Pacific Region. 澳大利亚在促进和支持西太平洋区域结核病控制方面的作用。
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB12119
Kerrie A Shaw
{"title":"Australia's role in promoting and supporting tuberculosis control in the Western Pacific Region.","authors":"Kerrie A Shaw","doi":"10.1071/NB12119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Twenty-one percent of the world's tuberculosis cases are found in the Western Pacific Region. The region has demonstrated a lower rate of decline in incidence than the regions of Africa, the Americas and Europe. Issues around drug resistance, human immunodeficiency virus and diabetes impact on the burden of tuberculosis disease in the Western Pacific Region. Australia has exhibited a low and relatively stable tuberculosis incidence rate but has not progressed toward the desired international goal for tuberculosis elimination (<1 case per million population). The pathogenesis and transmission of tuberculosis make it difficult to achieve elimination within a geographically defined area. These aspects of disease control are amplified by globalisation and Australia's increasing economic and strategic engagement within the Western Pacific Region and South-East Asia. Promoting and supporting tuberculosis control within the Western Pacific Region provides an opportunity for Australia to maintain its low tuberculosis incidence rate and progress toward elimination. </p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"43-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Bug breakfast in the bulletin: leprosy. 通报上的虫子早餐:麻风病。
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB12068
Praveena J Gunaratnam, Warwick J Britton, Ann Hofmeyr
{"title":"Bug breakfast in the bulletin: leprosy.","authors":"Praveena J Gunaratnam,&nbsp;Warwick J Britton,&nbsp;Ann Hofmeyr","doi":"10.1071/NB12068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12068","url":null,"abstract":"Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by the bacillusMycobacterium leprae, and is closely related to tuberculosis. Leprosy remains a leading infectious cause of disability in the world today; untreated it can lead to progressive and permanent damage in the nerves, skin, limbs and eyes. It is believed to be transmitted primarily from person-to-person via nasal droplets. Although prevalence has reduced dramatically following the introduction of multidrug therapy, there are still approximately 250 000 new cases of leprosy every year, most of which occur in 17 countries including India (accounting for about half of all new cases), Brazil, Ethiopia, China and Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Communicable diseases report, NSW, November and December 2012. 传染病报告，新南威尔士州，2012年11月和12月。
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB13006
{"title":"Communicable diseases report, NSW, November and December 2012.","authors":"","doi":"10.1071/NB13006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB13006","url":null,"abstract":"Enteric infections Outbreaks of suspected foodborne disease There were seven outbreaks of suspected foodborne disease reported in NSW in the period (two in November and five in December), affecting at least 59 people. All outbreaks were thought to be caused by contaminated restaurant food. Of the seven outbreaks, three were reported directly to Public Health Units by the treating doctors or affected individuals, three were reported to the NSW Food Authority and one was identified from an investigation of Salmonella Singapore notifications clustered in time and location.","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"51-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ongoing transmission of tuberculosis in Aboriginal communities in NSW. 结核病在新南威尔士州原住民社区的持续传播。
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB12113
Sue Devlin, Erin Passmore
{"title":"Ongoing transmission of tuberculosis in Aboriginal communities in NSW.","authors":"Sue Devlin, Erin Passmore","doi":"10.1071/NB12113","DOIUrl":"10.1071/NB12113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report describes the ongoing transmission of tuberculosis in Aboriginal communities in NSW. From October 2000 to July 2012 there were 30 linked cases of tuberculosis diagnosed in Aboriginal people - 22 in the North Coast area of NSW, with a further three cases in Sydney and five in southern Queensland. It is likely that a range of factors have contributed to this ongoing transmission, including delayed diagnosis, the extensive social connections within the communities affected, and the highly mobile living arrangements of many of those affected. Cases have continued to emerge despite implementation of tuberculosis control measures in line with state and international protocols. Tuberculosis control staff are working in partnership with Aboriginal communities to identify and implement appropriate tuberculosis control strategies. </p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"38-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tuberculosis contact tracing within a school environment: lessons for the future. 在学校环境中追踪结核病接触者:对未来的教训。
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB12096
Pam Banner
{"title":"Tuberculosis contact tracing within a school environment: lessons for the future.","authors":"Pam Banner","doi":"10.1071/NB12096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12096","url":null,"abstract":"Contact tracing plays a large role in the everyday work of chest clinics in NSW. It is a routine procedure that follows the ‘concentric circle’ method of screening. When a chest clinic becomes aware of a confirmed case of tuberculosis (TB), the inner ring of the circle (which comprises those with the highest risk of infection, including family and others in close contact with the index case) are screened first. If infection is detected in this group, screening proceeds to the medium-risk group and then, if necessary, to low-risk contacts, until no new infections are found. When explained, this methodis usuallyreadily understood and accepted by contacts. However, screening can become disrupted when contacts and others become fearful. This paper highlights the case of a complex school screening which involved both screening all rings of the concentric circle (i.e. high, medium and low-risk contacts) and screening outside the circle (i.e. non-contacts). In 2007 an overseas-born casual infants/primary school teacherinNSWwasdiagnosedwithinfectiouscavitaryTB disease by sputum smear, culture and chest X-ray. She had originallybeendiagnosedwithpneumoniaandwasonsick leave for 1 month. One hour into the second day of her return to work, she had a massive haemoptysis (coughing up of blood) and was hospitalised. Her household contacts were an overseas-born husband who was tuberculin skin test (TST) positive with a clear chest X-ray, and an Australian-born child who was TST negative. No other contacts were provided to the TB Coordinator at the Chest Clinic. Because of the teacher’s smear and chest X-ray results, the TB Coordinator consulted with the then NSW Department of Health and local Public Health Unit (local units which work to identify, prevent and minimise public health risks tothe community). Following this consultation, it was agreed to notify the school.","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"27-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31575937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The use of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit typing and whole genome sequencing to inform tuberculosis prevention and control activities. 利用分枝杆菌穿插重复单位分型和全基因组测序为结核病预防和控制活动提供信息。
NSW Public Health Bulletin Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1071/NB12106
Gwendolyn L Gilbert, Vitali Sintchenko
{"title":"The use of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit typing and whole genome sequencing to inform tuberculosis prevention and control activities.","authors":"Gwendolyn L Gilbert,&nbsp;Vitali Sintchenko","doi":"10.1071/NB12106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/NB12106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Molecular strain typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been possible for only about 20 years; it has significantly improved our understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis disease. Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit typing, based on 24 variable number tandem repeat unit loci, is highly discriminatory, relatively easy to perform and interpret and is currently the most widely used molecular typing system for tuberculosis surveillance. Nevertheless, clusters identified by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit typing sometimes cannot be confirmed or adequately defined by contact tracing and additional methods are needed. Recently, whole genome sequencing has been used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms and other mutations, between genotypically indistinguishable isolates from the same cluster, to more accurately trace transmission pathways. Rapidly increasing speed and quality and reduced costs will soon make large scale whole genome sequencing feasible, combined with the use of sophisticated bioinformatics tools, for epidemiological surveillance of tuberculosis. </p>","PeriodicalId":29974,"journal":{"name":"NSW Public Health Bulletin","volume":"24 1","pages":"10-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31576525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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