Harsh Oza , Irinel-Constantin Morărescu , Vineeth S. Varma , Ravi Banavar
{"title":"Optimal switching for Networked Control Systems with information multiplexing","authors":"Harsh Oza , Irinel-Constantin Morărescu , Vineeth S. Varma , Ravi Banavar","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this article, we examine a Networked Control System (NCS) in which the plant and the controller communicate over a network subject to a certain communication constraint. The plant is described by discrete-time <em>nonlinear dynamics</em> subject to bounded disturbances. Due to an overloaded communication network, we assume that the control signal and the information from the plant (the measured output signal) cannot be transmitted simultaneously and are subject to a multiplexing constraint. The goal is to design a switching strategy that allows us to sequentially communicate given these constraints while optimizing a quadratic cost over a finite horizon. Consequently, we proceed by emulation and assume that a controller that satisfies performance requirements is already provided. The resulting optimization problem is observed to be an integer programming problem that is generally NP-complete, i.e., the complexity is exponential in the time horizon considered. To overcome this issue, we provide a different perspective on this problem than what has been presented by the community before. Our main contribution is to reformulate the problem with all its constraints to a form that renders it amenable to apply the discrete-time Pontryagin Maximum Principle to get the necessary conditions for the optimality of the control action sequence. These necessary conditions are then solved numerically by a multiple-shooting method. To validate the approach, we present some illustrative numerical experiments on an inverted pendulum. Different setups are considered and numerically analyzed: usage of a predictor when the output is not transmitted and usage of the previous value of the output when the new value is not transmitted, with or without the choice of non-transmission.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141032159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling and analyzing competitive epidemic diseases with partial and waning virus-specific and cross-immunity","authors":"Lorenzo Zino , Mengbin Ye , Brian D.O. Anderson","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we consider a novel mathematical modeling framework for the spread of two competitive diseases in a well-mixed population. The proposed framework, which we term a bivirus SIRIS model, encapsulates key real-world features of natural immunity, accounting for different levels of (partial and waning) virus-specific and cross protection acquired after recovery. Formally, the proposed framework consists of a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations that builds on a classical bivirus susceptible–infected–susceptible model by means of the addition of further states to account for (temporarily) protected individuals. Through the analysis of the proposed framework and of two specializations, we offer analytical insight into how natural immunity can shape a wide range of complex emergent behaviors, including eradication of both diseases, survival of the fittest one, or even steady-state co-existence of the two diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468601824000233/pdfft?md5=e7729cdeaef8df9cff62456b1683605d&pid=1-s2.0-S2468601824000233-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141026474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of reduced-order controllers for fluid flows using full-order controllers and Gaussian process regression","authors":"Yasuo Sasaki, Daisuke Tsubakino","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We propose a method to design reduced-order output-feedback controllers for fluid flows with the use of data produced by full-order controllers. First, the full-order controller is obtained by combining an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and a model predictive controller (MPC) that are designed based on the Navier–Stokes equations. The full-order controller has high computational complexity and, therefore, is not suitable for real-time implementation. Hence, we use the full-order controller in offline numerical simulations to generate data for data-driven design of the reduced-order controller with low computational complexity. We find a reduced-order subspace of a closed-loop system under the full-order control from the data. This subspace underlies the reduced-order output-feedback controller. The reduced-order state-feedback law is obtained by approximating the full-order MPC with the use of its input/output data. The reduced-order observer is designed for a reduced-order model that is derived by using the Gaussian process regression (GPR). The GPR enables us to design the reduced-order observer which can evaluate uncertainty due to state-dependent residuals of the reduced-order model. We demonstrate the proposed method for a control problem of a flow around a cylinder at the Reynolds number 100. Numerical simulations reveal that the reduced-order controller performs as almost well as the full-order controller for a set of initial states. In addition, robustness of the reduced-order controller to a temporal disturbance that is not considered in the control design is confirmed in the simulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468601824000221/pdfft?md5=93952d30a9a532b3d7b463feb519c294&pid=1-s2.0-S2468601824000221-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140761630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Feature space separation by conformity loss driven training of CNN","authors":"N. Ding , H. Arabian , K. Möller","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have enabled tremendous achievements in image classification, as the model can automatically extract image features and assign a proper classification. Nevertheless, the classification is lacking robustness to — for humans’ invisible perturbations on the input. To improve the robustness of the CNN model, it is necessary to understand the decision-making procedure of CNN models. By inspecting the learned feature space, we found that the classification regions are not always clearly separated by the CNN model. The overlap of classification regions increases the possibility to less perturbation induced input changes on classification results. Therefore, the clear separation of feature spaces of the CNN model should support decision robustness. In this paper, we propose to use a novel loss function called “conformity loss” to strengthen disjoint feature spaces during learning at different layers of the CNN, in order to improve the intra-class compactness and inter-class differences in trained representations. The same function was used as an evaluation metric to measure the feature space separation during the testing process. In conclusion, the conformity loss driven trained model has shown better feature space separation at comparable output performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100260"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246860182400021X/pdfft?md5=7ae999412c5f76db07310209ce438ec2&pid=1-s2.0-S246860182400021X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140638804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qianhui Sun , J. Geoffrey Chase , Cong Zhou , Merryn H. Tawhai , Jennifer L. Knopp , Knut Möller , Geoffrey M. Shaw , Thomas Desaive
{"title":"Estimating patient spontaneous breathing effort in mechanical ventilation using a b-splines function approach","authors":"Qianhui Sun , J. Geoffrey Chase , Cong Zhou , Merryn H. Tawhai , Jennifer L. Knopp , Knut Möller , Geoffrey M. Shaw , Thomas Desaive","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background:</h3><p>Patient work of breathing is a key clinical metric strongly to guide patient care and weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV). Measurement requires added equipment, well-trained clinicians, or/and extra interventions. This study combines a spontaneous breathing effort model using b-spline functions with a nonlinear, predictive MV digital-twin model to monitor patient effort in real-time.</p></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><p>Data from 22 patients for two assisted spontaneous breathing MV modes, NAVA (neurally adjusted ventilatory assist) and PSV (pressure support ventilation), are employed. The patient effort function estimates a pleural pressure <span><math><msub><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>ˆ</mo></mrow></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> surrogate of muscular work of breathing induced pressure. To ensure identifiability <span><math><msub><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>ˆ</mo></mrow></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is identified with a negative constraint level of 75%. Estimated patient effort is compared to electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) signals from the NAVA naso-gastric tude, airway pressure, and tidal volume (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) as well as physiological and clinical expectations.</p></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><p><span><math><msub><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>ˆ</mo></mrow></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> generalizes well across the digital twin model and MV modes in comparison to the original single compartment lung model. Strong neuro-muscular correlations are identified with <span><math><msub><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>ˆ</mo></mrow></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> compared to EAdi, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, and airway pressure in NAVA. They are lower in PSV, as expected, as pressure delivery is not a function of EAdi in this MV mode, while the uncontrolled variable <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> shows a stronger association with <span><math><msub><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>ˆ</mo></mrow></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> than EAdi.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><p>The digital twin model relates patient-specific induced breathing effort, modeled as <span><math><msub><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>ˆ</mo></mrow></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, as well as or better than EAdi in both assisted breathing MV modes. Results differ between NAVA and PSV modes due to the poorer patient–ventilator interaction typical in PSV. The ability to estimate patient work of breathing allows non-invasive, real-time quantification of ventilator unloading, heretofore not possible without ex","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140618985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sebin Gracy , José I. Caiza , Philip E. Paré , César A. Uribe
{"title":"Multi-competitive time-varying networked SIS model with an infrastructure network","authors":"Sebin Gracy , José I. Caiza , Philip E. Paré , César A. Uribe","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper studies the problem of the spread of multi-competitive viruses across a (time-varying) population network and an infrastructure network. To this end, we devise a variant of the classic (networked) susceptible–infected-susceptible (SIS) model called the multi-competitive time-varying networked susceptible-infected-water-susceptible (SIWS) model. We establish a sufficient condition for exponentially fast eradication of a virus when a) the graph structure does not change over time; b) the graph structure possibly changes with time, interactions between individuals are symmetric, and all individuals have the same healing and infection rate; and c) the graph is directed and is slowly-varying, and not all individuals necessarily have the same healing and infection rates. We also show that the aforementioned conditions for eradication of a virus are robust to variations in the graph structure of the population network provided the variations are not too large. For the case of time-invariant graphs, we give a lower bound on the number of equilibria that our system possesses. Finally, we provide an in-depth set of simulations that not only illustrate the theoretical findings of this paper but also provide insights into the endemic behavior for the case of time-varying graphs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140209091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Controllers and observer synthesis for linear systems with multiple time-varying delays in range","authors":"S. Syafiie","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most of physical systems present time-varying delays in their inner dynamics. This causes instability, oscillation and even poor closed performance. Also, the present disturbance can cause instability. This article is addressing techniques to develop stability criteria for closed-loop and states estimation analysis of multiple time-varying delays systems. By selecting a suitable Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF), the derivative of double integration terms are upper bounded by using reciprocally convex matrix inequality. The closed-loop stability criteria are derived fulfilling <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> performance index for multiple time-varying delays systems. Similar technique is also adopted to estimate unmeasured states fulfilling <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> norm bound. The developed criteria are demonstrated to a numerical example. It is shown that H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> memory based controller has better performance on rejecting the introduction disturbance with having lower peak and shallow valley than other techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140342135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Automatic control of reactive brain computer interfaces","authors":"Pex Tufvesson , Frida Heskebeck","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article discusses theoretical and practical aspects of real-time brain computer interface control methods based on Bayesian statistics. The theoretical aspects include how the data from the brain computer interface can be translated into a Gaussian mixture model that is used in the Bayesian statistics-based control methods. The practical aspects include how the control methods improve the performance of the brain computer interface. We use a reactive brain computer interface based on a visual oddball paradigm for the investigation and improvement of the performance of automatic control and feedback algorithms used in the system. By using automatic control for selection of the stimuli for the visual oddball experiment, the target stimulus is identified faster than if no automatic control is used. Finally, we introduce transfer learning using Gaussian mixture models, enabling a ready-to-use setup.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468601824000129/pdfft?md5=121b6676b9693cead323163b827332bb&pid=1-s2.0-S2468601824000129-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140042122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer L. Knopp , Yeong Shiong Chiew , Dimitrios Georgopoulos , Geoffrey M. Shaw , J. Geoffrey Chase
{"title":"Ubiquity of models describing inspiratory effort dynamics in patients on pressure support ventilation","authors":"Jennifer L. Knopp , Yeong Shiong Chiew , Dimitrios Georgopoulos , Geoffrey M. Shaw , J. Geoffrey Chase","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mechanical Ventilation (MV) is an important therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU). Assisted spontaneous breathing (ASB) MV modes are a key and growing part of MV care, as they require less sedation and help avoid muscle atrophy. Equally, a lack of standardised approaches to MV care has led to the rise of model-based methods, which typically cannot estimate spontaneous breathing (SB) efforts, and are thus not able to be used for ASB MV. To address this issue, several models of SB effort have been created, though they require specialised added sensors and/or maneuvers. ►This research utilises a unique observational clinical dataset, which includes esophageal and gastric pressure measurements not typically taken in the ICU for N=6 patients. These measurements enable more direct model-based estimation of muscular pressure effort in SB MV patients. The data is analysed for all 6 patients for 3 models which include dynamics common to the current models. Models are assessed based on model fit. ►The results show all 3 models are unable to capture dynamics in 2 patients due to added muscular dynamics in their breathing, violating assumptions in the model dynamics or constraints. These results indicate the need for more flexible models and associated identification methods to better capture these dynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100250"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140024358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jamal Mrazgua , El Houssaine Tissir , Mohamed Ouahi , Fernando Tadeo
{"title":"Reliable H∞ fuzzy control for fault-tolerant actuator failures of active suspension system","authors":"Jamal Mrazgua , El Houssaine Tissir , Mohamed Ouahi , Fernando Tadeo","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacsc.2024.100258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A new methodology for fault tolerant control (FTC) is proposed to compensate actuator failures using Takagi–Sugeno systems. This makes possible to design the controller that represents actuator failures using a scaling factor by solving a family of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The resulting control system guarantees asymptotic stability, compensates the effect of actuator faults and ensures certain an <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> performance level. This methodology is applied to the active suspension systems that motivated this research, where in the context of active suspension (AS) systems, the guaranteed performance correspond to ride comfort in the presence of road disturbances. Thus, a controller is developed for a quarter-car model with active suspension. The simulated results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29926,"journal":{"name":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140549185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}