Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Using Psychedelics in Clinical Practice: Comparing Therapeutic Uses and Potential Harms.","authors":"Rabeet Tariq","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666220321142707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220321142707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psychedelics might be the oldest psychoactive agents known to be used for inducing religious or mystical experiences. Their strong psychoactive effect was discovered accidentally in 1943 after the synthesis of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in 1937. These drugs became a mainstream area of research following the synthesis of LSD; however, several political and social factors led to their ban in 1966, after which research on psychedelics remained limited. These drugs became a major topic of scientific and ethical debate in the 1990's and the recent times have seen a 'Psychedelic renaissance' where the therapeutic value of psychedelics is being reconsidered. This article reports the historical perspective of psychedelics, pharmacologic action by 5-HT_2A receptor agonism, and psychological effects and compares the proposed therapeutic uses, including uses in depression, PTSD, anxiety- related disorders, drug and alcohol addiction, neurodegenerative diseases, and auto-immune diseases to potential harms including the development of tolerance, hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, and potential psychosis. An analysis of history, pharmacology, and comparison of benefits and harms lead to the conclusion that the potential therapeutic benefits significantly outweigh the potential harms; thus, further research and clinical trials need to be conducted across different countries and cultures for their legal approval in clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9608480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Cytokines in Chemotherapy-related Cognitive Impairment of Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Kanika Tyagi,&nbsp;Md Masoom,&nbsp;Haya Majid,&nbsp;Aakriti Garg,&nbsp;Dinesh Bhurani,&nbsp;Nidhi B Agarwal,&nbsp;Mohd Ashif Khan","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666220304212456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220304212456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cognitive impairment is one of the most common problems experienced by patients receiving chemotherapy, and evidence suggests that cytokines might play an important role. Various studies were conducted to evaluate the role of cytokines in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). However, the association between CRCI due to cytokines is not well-established. Thus, this systematic review aims to assess the role of cytokines in CRCI in breast cancer patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. An intense literature search was carried out for inclusion criteria in major databases, including PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov, in August 2021. Studies assessing cognitive parameters through objective and subjective assessment in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 4052 studies were identified, and 15 studies were included in this systematic review. We found that IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were associated with varying degrees of cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This systematic review showed a correlation between various cytokines and chemotherapy- associated cognitive decline in breast cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9253607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials on the Efficacy and Safety of Pitavastatin.","authors":"Adel Sadeq,&nbsp;Asim Ahmed Elnour,&nbsp;Hamad Farah Farah,&nbsp;Azza Ramadan,&nbsp;Mohamed A Baraka,&nbsp;Judit Don,&nbsp;Abdulla Al Amoodi,&nbsp;Kishore Gnana Sam,&nbsp;Nadia Al Mazrouei,&nbsp;Maisoun Alkaabi","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666220531115314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220531115314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A subpopulation of statin users such as subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD), Human Immune virus (HIV), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), revascularization, metabolic syndrome, and/or diabetes may particularly benefit from pitavastatin pharmacotherapy.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The current systematic review aimed systematically to evaluate the effect of pitavastatin on primary cardiac events in subjects receiving pitavastatin in comparison to the other four statin members.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review on phases III and IV of randomized controlled trials (RCT-s, 11 trials) for subjects with primary cardiac events who received pitavastatin. Subjects diagnosed with any type of dyslipidemia (population 4804) and received pitavastatin (interventions) versus comparator (comparison) with the primary efficacy endpoint of minimization of LDL-C and non- HDL-C, had an increase in HDL-C and/or reduction in major adverse cardiac events (MACE, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (fatal/nonfatal), and stroke (fatal/nonfatal) and/or their composite (outcomes). The secondary safety endpoint was the development of any adverse effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the included trials (11), participants (4804) were randomized for pitavastatin or its comparators such as atorvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin and followed up for 12 to 52 weeks. In terms of the primary outcome (reduction in LDL-C), pitavastatin 4 mg was superior to pravastatin 40 mg in three trials, while the 2 mg pitavastatin was comparable to atorvastatin 10 mg in four trials and simvastatin 20 and 40 mg in two 2 trials. However, rosuvastatin 2.5 mg was superior to pitavastatin 2 mg in two trials. Pitavastatin increased HDL-C and reduced non-HDL-C in eleven trials. Regarding the safety profile, pitavastatin has proved to be tolerated and safe.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The FDA-approved indications for pitavastatin included primary dyslipidemia and mixed dyslipidemia as a supplementary therapy to dietary changes to lower total cholesterol, LDL-C, apolipoprotein B (Apo B), triglycerides (TG), and enhance HDL-C. Pitavastatin might be suitable for subjects with diabetes, ACS (reduced revascularization), metabolic syndrome, CKD, HIV, and subjects with low levels of HDL-C. We highly recommend rational individualization for the selection of statin.</p>","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9177310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of GR Isoforms and Hsp90-binding Immunophilins in the Modulation of Glucocorticoid Biological Responses.","authors":"Sol M Ciucci,&nbsp;Gisela I Mazaira,&nbsp;Mario D Galigniana","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666220428135138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220428135138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucocorticoid steroids play cardinal roles during the life span of an individual, modulating almost all aspects of the physiology, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, as well as the immune response, neurological biology, stress adaptation, apoptosis, cell division, cell fate, inflammatory responses, etc. Glucocorticoids exert their biological effects by activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a bona fide ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. The GR is expressed in virtually all cells of the human body showing isoformic versions and also transcription variants. GR forms oligomeric heterocomplexes that include the 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90) as an essential hub of the chaperone oligomer. The nature of chaperones associated with this heterocomplex is responsible for the modulation of the subcellular localization of the GR and its biological actions in a given tissue or cell type. In this sense, the discovery that immunophilins containing tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR) domains are responsible for the GR cytoplasmic transport mechanism and the nuclear retention half-time of the receptor opened new trends in our understanding of its complex mechanism of action. Because the properties of GR ligands influence these protein-protein interactions, specific steroid•receptor complexes may confer the GR different features providing new therapeutic opportunities to manage the disease. In this article, we analyze multiple aspects of the GR mechanism of action, some properties of the GR isoforms, and the latest findings revealing the roles of Hsp90-binding immunophilins to manage the glucocorticoid biological response.</p>","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9170850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Randomized Clinical Trials on the Efficacy and Safety of Tocilizumab in Subjects with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Adel Sadeq,&nbsp;Asim Ahmed Elnour,&nbsp;Azza Ramadan,&nbsp;Israa Yousif El Khidir,&nbsp;Judit Don,&nbsp;Abdulla Al Amoodi,&nbsp;Nadia Al Mazrouei,&nbsp;Mohamed A Baraka,&nbsp;Farah Hamad Farah,&nbsp;Maisoun Alkaabi","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666220202115623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220202115623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The current therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is confronted with many challenges such as inadequate response, infection, and treatment failure.</p><p><strong>Aim and objective: </strong>The main objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab (TCZ) in subjects with RA using the available evidence from published randomized controlled trials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current systematic review was performed on nine randomized controlled trials from 2002 to 2016 for TCZ in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. The primary outcomes were the clinical improvement in American College Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) or Disease Activity Score remission (DAS28), in addition to other outcomes such as ACR50 and ACR70 in the intention-to-treat population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We have conducted a systematic review on nine randomized controlled trials, with 4129 [100%] enrolled, of which 3248 [78.7%] were on the intention-to-treat. 2147 (66.1%) were treated with TCZ and 1101 (33.9%) have had received placebo or methotrexate or other conventional Disease- Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs (cDMARD) or biologic Disease-Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs (bDMARDs). In subjects taking TCZ with or without concomitant methotrexate, compared to placebo, subjects treated with TCZ 4 or 8 mg/kg were substantially and statistically significantly more likely than placebo or methotrexate to achieve the ACR20 and/or DAS28. There were no statistically significant differences in serious adverse events such as serious infection; however, subjects on TCZ were more likely to have increased lipid profiles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TCZ mono-therapy or in combination with methotrexate is valuable in diminishing rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and improving disability. Treatment with TCZ was associated with a significant surge in cholesterol levels but no serious adverse effects. Randomized clinical trials with safety as the primary outcome are warranted to report these safety issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9166442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Neuroreceptors for Clinical and Experimental Neuropharmacology in Central Nervous System Disorders.","authors":"Susan C McKarns","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666220301104118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220301104118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The neurobiology drug discovery landscape has transformed over the past decade or so by the discovery of allosteric modulators of receptor superfamilies. A wide range of physiological reactions can occur in response to a limited number of neurotransmitters. This review provides an update on physiological features of the receptors and the signaling pathways that are generated in response to neuroreceptor activation that allow the explanation of this vast array of neurotransmitter responses. Primarily based upon structure, receptors in the nervous system can be classified into four groups: Gprotein coupled receptors, ligand-gated receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. With a particular emphasis on the central nervous system, i.e., brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves, we identify the neuroreceptors, their endogenous agonists, antagonists, sites of expression within the nervous system, current neuropharmacological clinical use, and potential for new drug discovery. New molecular approaches and advances in our knowledge of neuronal communication in processes involved in development, functioning and disorders of the nervous system combined with opportunities to re-purpose existing drugs for new indications continue to highlight the exciting opportunities to improve human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9176787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proton Pump Inhibitors' Use and Risk of Iron Deficiency Anaemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Mohammad Daud Ali","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666220307121220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220307121220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Various research was conducted during the last decade, with inconsistent findings regarding iron death anaemia (IDA) perils vis-à-vis utilization of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). Consequently, recent systematic review and meta-analysis were implemented to evaluate IDA-related perils concerning the utilization of proton-pump inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The databases of EBSCOhost, PubMed® and Cochrane Central were searched from the research outset until February 28, 2021 purposely to identify all research with objectives that align with the present research investigation. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was utilized for the evaluation of the research investigation standard. The prime (1º) goal of the research was to gauge IDA peril among users of proton-pump inhibitors (PPI). For data processing, RevMan (Review Manager) version 5.4 was employed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, fourteen investigations research was employed in this systematic review and metaanalysis. The combined relative risk of nine research exhibited a numerically consequential interrelation betwixt the utilization of proton-pump inhibitors and IDA peril (RR 2.56 [95% CI 1.43-4.61], p < 0.00001). Contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis examination posit that proton-pump inhibitor consumers are prone to greater peril of coming down with IDA in comparison to non-PPI users.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In keeping with the findings of my research, prescriber physicians should exercise caution when prescribing PPIs to individuals taking it for a long time to avoid the peril of IDA. Additionally, their serum iron level should be checked to ensure that proton-pump inhibitors are safe.</p>","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9246738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standard Triple Therapy as a Remedy for Treatment of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.","authors":"Faezeh Kiani,&nbsp;Sara Khademolhosseini,&nbsp;Mobina Fathi,&nbsp;Arian Tavasol,&nbsp;Jasem Mohammadi,&nbsp;Majid Dousti,&nbsp;Jalal Eshagh Hoseini","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666220317152544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220317152544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>H. pylori infection, one of the most prevalent infectious diseases, can cause severe health problems. Therefore, it seems to be crucial to effectively counter the H. pylori infection with a well-tolerated eradication regimen. However, since the discovery of H. pylori, the optimal treatment for this disease is still unclear and remains controversial.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study aims to estimate the efficacy of standard triple therapy for eradicating H. pylori by systematic review and meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We identified randomized clinical trials [RCTs] involving triple therapy PPIAC/M [Omeprazole, Amoxicillin, and Clarithromycin/Metronidazole] in the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection and reported eradication rate through electronic and manual searches in PubMed, ISI, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register, and Scopus databases. Data were analyzed using the random effect model, and the Cochrane Q test and I² statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 12.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-seven RCTs [PPIAC: 40 RCTs and PPIAM: 7 RCTs] with 4,938 patients selected as eligible for the final analysis. Per-protocol eradication rate was 80% [95% CI: 74-84] and 80% [95% CI: 73-87] for PPIAC and PPIAM regimens, respectively. The eradication rate for PPIAC and PPIAM regimens was 83% [95% CI: 70%-95%] and 83% [95% CI: 75%-90%] and also 77% [95% CI: 68%- 88%] and 78% [95% CI: 69%-88%], respectively. Based on different treatment durations, the pooled estimates of PP [per-protocol analysis] treatment outcomes were found the highest in 14-day treatment in both regimens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Standard triple therapy PPIAC/M is recommended to be an effective and safe regimen, although adequate data are not available to suggest PPIAC/M as the first-line therapy for H. Pylori infection. Interestingly, our analysis demonstrated that PPIAC/M regimens were more effective in Asian than European populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9166447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Clinical Equipoise: Examples from Oncology Trials.","authors":"Majd A Hamaly,&nbsp;Karem H Alzoubi,&nbsp;Omar F Khabour,&nbsp;Ruba A Jaber,&nbsp;Wael Al-Delaimy","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666211221164101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666211221164101","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000The current standards that govern clinical research have been shaped over the years through many historical, social, and political events. The third principle of the Belmont report, Justice, guides the scientific community toward equal distribution of benefits and risks in research involving human subjects. Clinical equipoise is the status of genuine uncertainty by the investigator about the superiority of one treatment arm over the other. The term clinical equipoise was proposed to provide an ethical ground to conduct randomized controlled clinical trials.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The objective of this review is to provide the reader with an overview about the emergence of the term equipoise and its utilization in randomized controlled trials.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000In the current review article, the major oncology clinical trials and relevant patents were reviewed for the application/utilization of clinical equipoise.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The concept of clinical equipoise has been challenged and different alternatives were proposed. Yet, these alternatives received numerous critiques and failed to fully replace equipoise. In addition, several patents related to anticancer agents tested in the described studies were examined. No specific reference was made as part of the patent to the status of clinical equipoise. Alternatively, a description of the study arms was provided.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000There is a need for revisiting the concept of equipoise and its suggested alternatives, for its ethical essence while addressing related challenges.","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9992762/pdf/nihms-1875099.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9176785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Monitoring of the Treatment with Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs) for Multiple Sclerosis (MS).","authors":"Vasileios-Periklis Stamatellos,&nbsp;Georgios Papazisis","doi":"10.2174/2772432817666220412110720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220412110720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs) for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are widely used given their proven efficacy in the relapsing form of the disease, while recently, Siponimod and Ocrelizumab have been approved for the progressive forms of the disease. Currently, 22 diseasemodifying drugs are approved by the FDA, while in 2012, only nine were present in the market. From March 2019 until August 2020, six new drugs were approved. This rapid development of new DMTs highlighted the need to update our knowledge about their short and long-term safety.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review summarizes the available safety data for all the Disease-Modifying Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis and presents the monitoring plan before and during the treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted using PUBMED and COCHRANE databases. Key journals and abstracts from major annual meetings of Neurology, references of relevant reviews, and relative articles were also manually searched. We prioritized systematic reviews, large randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective cohort studies, and other observational studies. Special attention was paid to guidelines and papers focusing on the safety and monitoring of DMTs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Data for oral (Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators, Fumarates, Teriflunomide, Cladribine), injectables (Interferons, Glatiramer acetate, Ofatumumab), and infusion therapies (Natalizumab, Ocrelizumab, Alemtuzumab) are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":29871,"journal":{"name":"Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9221946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}