Journal of Latin Linguistics最新文献

{"title":"A diachronic semantic map for the Latin preposition secundum","authors":"C. Guardamagna","doi":"10.1515/joll-2016-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2016-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper plugs a gap in the literature by providing a corpus-based diachronic semantic analysis of the preposition secundum while also contributing to a larger body of cognitive-functional studies of prepositions. The data, retrieved from the Latin Library corpus prose section and spanning a period of over 800 years, are analyzed from both a qualitative and a quantitative point of view. The meanings of secundum are grouped into three cognitive-functional domains (the spatio-temporal one, the domain of logical relations and the (inter)subjective domain) within and across which metaphorical and metonymic links are identified. On the basis of these data, a conceptual space is drawn on which four semantic maps are carved, representing four different stages of evolution in the semantics of secundum. The semantic change undergone by secundum supports the idea of the centrality of the spatio-temporal domains and shows a gradual tendency towards (inter)subjectification – in line with a plethora of studies within grammaticalization theory and semantic change. Particularly interesting is the development of the meanings of evidentiality and attribution, two meanings that had been previously overlooked. The semantic space identified has potential cross-linguistic applications.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quomodo Fredegarius Scholasticus modis et temporibus uerbi temporalis usus sit","authors":"Gualtharius Calboli","doi":"10.1515/joll-2016-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2016-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A couple of years ago Colette Bodelot (2014, Les propositions complétives dans la Chronique originale de Frédégaire (I.4, chap. 1–90). In Piera Molinelli, Pierluigi Cuzzolin & Chiara Fedriani (eds.), Latin vulgaire – Latin tardif, Vol.II, 183–203. Bergamo: Bergamo University Press, Sestante Ed.) discussed in a rich and worthy paper the use of direct and indirect speech by Fredegarius, one of the most representative Merovingian storytellers, and showed that he rather used the subjunctive instead of the Accusativus cum Infinitivo (AcI). Therefore, I decided to take again into account this author and his historical work which on the other hand had been object of a keen inquiry by Lyliane Sznajder (2005, Stratégies de prises en charge énonciatives dans le discours indirect. In G. Calboli (ed.), Papers on grammar IX, 2, Latina Lingua, 749–761. Roma: Herder.), and I started from these two papers. I myself had considered the direct and indirect discourse in Latin and Indo-European languages (Calboli, in print), however in that paper the core of my inquiry was rather the AcI as a peculiar construction of the indirect speech. In order to choose a specific text with all stylistic implications, I concentrate myself on the clash between the king Theuderich and saint Columbanus, where I could compare the Vita Columbani by Jonas and Fredegarius’ Chronicle. I could therefore take into account also a kind of epic style proper of the Histories of Saints, which suggested the use of AcI, a typical construction of the most authoritative Latin. In this case Fredegarius’ text was a reproduction of Jonas’ text, but with some differences in the use of subordinate clause: Jonas employed AcI, Fredegarius the simple subjunctive. I took into account also the use of Gregor of Tour, and pointed out a fluctuation, in Banniard’s (2012, Le latin classique existe-t-it. In Biville Frédérique, Marie-Karine Lhommé & Daniel Vallat (eds.), Latin vulgaire – Latin tardif IX, 57–78. Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerannée) sense, which produced in Merovingian Latin a larger frame of constructions than in classical and imperial Latin. This depended also upon the abandon of some constraints which in classical and postclassical Latin reduced the number of possible clauses. The following passage was the reduction of such a frame in Carolingian Latin. In previous Merovingian language, AcI was consistently challenged by subjunctive, both introduced by conjunctions of subordination (quod, quia, quoniam, etc.) or without any conjunction in a kind of simple subjunctive. This phenomenon was connected with the expansion of subjunctive, in particular of pluperfect, which was extended in most Romance languages (cf. Stotz 1998: 333, Handbuch zur lateinischen Sprache des Mittelalters. Vierter Band. Formenlehre, Syntax und Stilistik. München: C. H. Beck), and in Merovingian Latin was employed also instead of indicative (cf. Vielliard 1927: 224, Le latin des diplômes royaux et chartes pri","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stoics on tropes and figures","authors":"Ramón Gutiérrez González","doi":"10.1515/joll-2016-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2016-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Karl Barwick held the stance that Stoics developed a doctrine of tropes and figures. After revising Barwick’s arguments – following the path traced, among others, by Baratin, Desbordes, Schenkeveld and Ax – we have concluded that Barwick’s assumption lacks a solid foundation. Thus, τρόπος and σχῆμα are not attested as rhetorical terms among the Stoics; furthermore, the alleged opposition between λέξις ‘Einzelwort’ and λόγος ‘zusammenhängende Rede’ – which is the keystone of Barwick’s reconstruction – does not take place in Stoic dialectics. We have also shown that the doctrine of Latinitas ~ Ἑλληνισμός is not only peculiar to Stoic-oriented grammarians, and that specially by pointing to an Ars anonyma excerpted by the Augustean grammarian Verrius Flaccus. Future research on the origin of tropes and figures must focus on Theophrastus and the Peripatetic School, leaving aside the Stoic hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hertzenberg, Mari Johanne Bordal: Third person reference in late Latin. Demonstratives, definite articles and personal pronouns in the Itinerarium","authors":"Nigel Vincent","doi":"10.1515/joll-2016-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2016-0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directives in Latin comedy: Pragmatics, dramatic role and social status","authors":"C. Cabrillana","doi":"10.1515/joll-2016-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2016-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper analyzes directive expressions in Plautus’s Curculio, a comedy with unusual characteristics. The analysis takes into account the social status of those characters who give and receive directive expressions, as well as their gender and the pragmatic situations which the dramatic context affords them. As a means of explaining the findings here, a distinction is drawn between various subtypes of speech acts according to the degree of obligation required in terms of compliance with the orders given. Also, we will attempt to assess the extent to which it is possible to associate a specific type of modality (impressive, declarative, interrogative) with the coding of orders involving a greater or lesser degree of obligation of compliance. The analysis confirms earlier findings on the existence of an interaction in this comedy between pragmatic, dramatic and sociolinguistic aspects in the expression of directives.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On causativity in Latin","authors":"R. Hoffmann","doi":"10.1515/joll-2016-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2016-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since causativity is either scarcely or not at all marked in Latin, most grammars and textbooks do not mention this verbal category. Nevertheless, from a functional point of view, there are many different means of causative constructions (CCs) in Latin, especially upon examination of analytical forms. After some methodological remarks in Section 1, the focus of Section 2 is a morphosyntactic survey of CCs in Latin. Apart from those cases that are not marked (Caesar … pontem rescidit, Gal. 4.19.4) there is a large group of lexical causatives (with subclasses in regard to the base verb), and even relics of a morphological causative which can be seen in the –facere/–ficere type. Additionally, there is no doubt that there are many analytical causatives. Within the latter group, which is the largest and most productive type of causative construction, the base verb appears not only embedded in different forms (as a predicative participle or an adjective, an infinitive, a gerund, a verb in subjunctive form within an ut-clause), but also as a noun of a functional verb construction (afficere+abl.; facere/dare/adferre+acc.). If it is possible to have “two or more causative mechanisms” in any given language, they “always have different meanings” (Dixon 2000. A typology of causatives. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (eds.), Changing valency. Case studies in transitivity, 30–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 33). This typological generalization can be seen in the syntactic and the semantic behavior of the single analytical causative constructions. The syntactic analysis of Section 3 shows if there are restrictions in relation to the Latin base verbs, i. e. whether transitive, intransitive or ditransitive verbs are possible, the valency status of the causee, to what extent the possibility of passivizing the CCs is available for the different types of causative constructions, and if so-called second causatives are possible. In the semantic analysis in Section 4, different parameters, like control and dynamicity, and semantic features like animateness will be applied with regard to the causer, the base verb and the whole construction. In the last instance, it will be explored to what extent the different semantic types of causatives, namely direct versus indirect and permissive versus declarative causatives, can be found in Latin. The conclusion in Section 5 will summarize the main results. A causative basically consists of two different states of affairs which are in a causal relation to each other. In the following, we will use the expression causative construction (hereafter, CC) as a functional cover term with a broader meaning which will also include the so-called factitive (Biville 1995. Énoncés factitifs en latin: syntaxe et sémantique. In D. Longrée (ed.), De usu, 31–44. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters; Kulikov 2001. Causatives. In M. Haspelmath, E. König, W. Oesterreicher & W. Raible (eds.), Language typology and language universals. An","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cabrillana, Concepción & Christian Lehmann: Acta XIV Colloquii Internationalis Linguisticae Latinae","authors":"Maria Napoli","doi":"10.1515/joll-2016-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2016-0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I, Claudian: the syntactical and metrical alignment of ego in Claudian and his epic predecessors","authors":"Peter Kruschwitz, Clare Coombe","doi":"10.1515/joll-2016-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2016-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article provides an analysis of the syntactical and metrical alignment of the subject pronoun of the first person singular in Latin epic. Based on the observation that, due to its prosody, ego may only feature in a certain number of sedes within the dactylic hexameter line, a quantitative and qualitative argument is made for a careful distinction between emphatic and unstressed uses in relation to consistent patterns of metrical and syntactical collocation.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aliquandō in the treatises of Tacitus","authors":"T. Zadok","doi":"10.1515/joll-2016-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2016-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In studies on Latin adverbs (e. g. Menge 1961. Repetitorium der Syntax und Stilistik, 16th edn. A. Thierfelder (ed.). Munich: M. Hueber; Bos 1967. L’adverbe en Latin. Tentative de classification structurale. B.S.L. 62. 106–122; Löfstedt 1967. Bemerkungen zum Adverb im Lateinischen. IF 72. 79–109; Pinkster 1972. On Latin adverbs (North Holland Linguistic Series 6). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company), the discussion of a specific temporal adverb in a certain corpus is rare. On the other hand, several items of research are worth mentioning: the position of adverbs denoting measure in Roman comedy and in de Agri Cultura by Cato (Booth 1923); abhinc and ante (Lundström 1961); adhuc (Torrego 1991); nunc (Risselada 1996); modo (Bertocchi 2001); iam (Huitink 2005). Moreover, an adverb peculiar to the treatises of Cornelius Tacitus (55–56 until the second decade of the second century ad) has not yet been analyzed in the studies concerning his language and style (e. g. Draeger 1967 [1882]. Ueber Syntax und Stil des Tacitus, 3rd edn. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. Reprint, Amsterdam: A. M. Hakkert; Voss 1963. Der pointierte Stil des Tacitus (Orbis Antiquus 19). Münster: Aschendorff). Our study fills a gap, to a certain extent, in the research on the adverbs in Latin prose in general and in the corpora of Tacitus in particular, by examining the characteristic and unique usages of aliquandō in his treatises regarding content and style. The grammatical approach adopted here is descriptive. Quotations are made in order to clarify and illustrate the phenomena with a literal translation, wherever applicable. Maximum use of statistics is made by comparative tables concerning the following points: (i) the distribution of the adverb in each book; (ii) its proximity to an additional temporal/measure adverb; (iii) the sentence types, in which it is included; (iv) the part of speech modified by aliquandō, which is mainly a finite verb, sometimes infinitive, rarely P.P.P., an adjective, an adverb or a whole clause (cf. Pinkster 1972. On Latin adverbs (North Holland Linguistic Series 6). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company: 59; Menge 2000. Lehrbuch der lateinischen Syntax und Semantik. Th. Burkard and M. Schauer (eds.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft: 198, § 148); (v) the position of aliquandō concerning its modified element, along with examining the linguistic and stylistic means employed by the author in this context (where some message is to be highlighted, word order, anaphora, a chiastic structure or a parallel one [mainly when two pairs of words are contrasted; cf. Fanetti 1978–1979. Il Chiasmo nell’ Agricola di Tacito. MCr 13/14. 389–400], the omission of words, etc.). Aliquandō is usually placed before the modified element with exceptions, in which the adverb occurs after it (apart from monosyllabic words, such as non, vel = valde); (vi) A concluding comparison, in which identical and different features of aliquandō between Ag.,","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The argument/satellite distinction and absolute verbal use in Latin stative verbs","authors":"C. Cabrillana","doi":"10.1515/joll-2015-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2015-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper addresses the problematic issue of the distinction between constituents obligatorily demanded by the predicate for the grammaticality of the construction and elements which are not necessary for this. The issue arises not only from a general perspective, but also in specific cases, such as that of three Latin predicates that share a semantic notion of “permanence”: maneo, permaneo, and remaneo. At the same time, and given that these verbs are also linked by the mechanism of preverbation, it is essential to examine also whether the presence of different preverbs modifies the syntactic characteristics of structures forming the verbs, as well as the potential semantic differences between them. For this reason, the current investigation consists of two different but closely interrelated blocks. In the first section I will begin with a study of material drawn from use-based lexicons and corpus analysis of the verbs in question, with the aim of facilitating a first approach to the differentiation (i) of the semantic content that they can have, and (ii) of their possible general valency frames. The study of lexical features of the various constituents with which the verb combines, the comparison with the behaviour of other (quasi-)synonymous predicates, and the importance of pragmatic information, will be mechanisms to help identify the syntactic-semantic nature of each case, without the existence of ambiguous cases being possible to rule out entirely. The examination of syntactic-semantic differences between the simple verb and its corresponding compounds will be addressed in the second section. For this purpose, various procedures of analysis will serve to confirm the possible differences proposed thus far; these procedures will be, essentially, the study (a) of the expression of the duration of permanence, and (b) of the contexts of co-occurrence of simple verbs and verbs with a preverb. Differences will not always be clear, which suggests a possible neutralization of the expected distinctions in some cases, in such a way that the language is seen to be compelled occasionally to draw on additional lexical and grammatical means for explicitly specifying these presumed distinctions.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2015-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66995636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}