论拉丁语的使役性

IF 0.2 0 CLASSICS
R. Hoffmann
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Within the latter group, which is the largest and most productive type of causative construction, the base verb appears not only embedded in different forms (as a predicative participle or an adjective, an infinitive, a gerund, a verb in subjunctive form within an ut-clause), but also as a noun of a functional verb construction (afficere+abl.; facere/dare/adferre+acc.). If it is possible to have “two or more causative mechanisms” in any given language, they “always have different meanings” (Dixon 2000. A typology of causatives. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (eds.), Changing valency. Case studies in transitivity, 30–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 33). This typological generalization can be seen in the syntactic and the semantic behavior of the single analytical causative constructions. The syntactic analysis of Section 3 shows if there are restrictions in relation to the Latin base verbs, i. e. whether transitive, intransitive or ditransitive verbs are possible, the valency status of the causee, to what extent the possibility of passivizing the CCs is available for the different types of causative constructions, and if so-called second causatives are possible. In the semantic analysis in Section 4, different parameters, like control and dynamicity, and semantic features like animateness will be applied with regard to the causer, the base verb and the whole construction. In the last instance, it will be explored to what extent the different semantic types of causatives, namely direct versus indirect and permissive versus declarative causatives, can be found in Latin. The conclusion in Section 5 will summarize the main results. A causative basically consists of two different states of affairs which are in a causal relation to each other. In the following, we will use the expression causative construction (hereafter, CC) as a functional cover term with a broader meaning which will also include the so-called factitive (Biville 1995. Énoncés factitifs en latin: syntaxe et sémantique. In D. Longrée (ed.), De usu, 31–44. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters; Kulikov 2001. Causatives. In M. Haspelmath, E. König, W. Oesterreicher & W. Raible (eds.), Language typology and language universals. An international handbook. Vol. 2, 886–898. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter). Such a CC acts just like passive and reflexive voice, and is in this way a derived predicate structure (Dik 1997b. The theory of functional grammar. Part 2: Complex and derived constructions. Ed. by K. Hengeveld. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 9), or more precisely: an incorporating structure (Von Stechow 1993. Die Aufgaben der Syntax. In J. Jacobs, A. v. Stechow, W. Sternefeld, T. Vennemann & H. E. Wiegand (eds.), Syntax, vol. 1: 1–88. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 30), which changes the syntactic and semantic form of the basic predication. Syntactically, there will be regular valency increase, because one argument that causes the basic predication, whose nucleus is the base verb (BV), will be added secondarily. This new argument will fill the subject slot, and the former subject of the BV has to take over a new position. The morphologically modified BV will be referred to as the causative verb (CV), which is then the nucleus of the CC. For example assuefacere is the CV to the BV assuescere.","PeriodicalId":29862,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Latin Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2000,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/joll-2016-0002","citationCount":"4","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"On causativity in Latin\",\"authors\":\"R. 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The syntactic analysis of Section 3 shows if there are restrictions in relation to the Latin base verbs, i. e. whether transitive, intransitive or ditransitive verbs are possible, the valency status of the causee, to what extent the possibility of passivizing the CCs is available for the different types of causative constructions, and if so-called second causatives are possible. In the semantic analysis in Section 4, different parameters, like control and dynamicity, and semantic features like animateness will be applied with regard to the causer, the base verb and the whole construction. In the last instance, it will be explored to what extent the different semantic types of causatives, namely direct versus indirect and permissive versus declarative causatives, can be found in Latin. The conclusion in Section 5 will summarize the main results. A causative basically consists of two different states of affairs which are in a causal relation to each other. 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引用次数: 4

摘要

由于拉丁语中几乎没有或根本没有标记使役,因此大多数语法和教科书都没有提到这一动词类别。然而,从功能的角度来看,拉丁语中有许多不同的使役结构(cc),特别是在分析形式的检查中。在第1节的一些方法论评论之后,第2节的重点是对拉丁语cc的形态句法调查。除了那些没有标注的情况(Caesar…pontem rescidit, Gal. 4.19.4)外,还有一大群词性使役(与原形动词相关的子类),甚至是形态学使役的残余,可以在-facere / -ficere类型中看到。此外,毫无疑问,有许多分析使役。后一组是最大和最多产的使役结构类型,原形动词不仅以不同的形式出现(作为谓语分词或形容词、不定式、动名词、在but从句中以虚拟语气形式出现的动词),而且还作为功能动词结构的名词出现(afficere+abl;facere /敢adferre + acc)。如果在任何给定的语言中有可能存在“两种或两种以上的致因机制”,那么它们“总是具有不同的含义”(Dixon 2000)。使役的一种类型。见R. M. W. Dixon和A. Y. Aikhenvald(编),价的变化。及物性案例研究,30-83。剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,33)。这种类型概括可以在单个解析使役结构的句法和语义行为中看到。第三节的句法分析表明,在拉丁词根动词方面是否存在限制,即:及物动词、不及物动词或及物动词是否可能,致因的价态,不同类型的使役结构中cc的钝化可能性有多大,以及所谓的第二使役是否可能。在第4节的语义分析中,我们将对导致词、原形动词和整个结构使用不同的参数,如控制性和动态性,以及语义特征,如动物性。最后,我们将探讨在拉丁语中,使役的不同语义类型,即直接使役与间接使役、允许使役与陈述使役在多大程度上可以被发现。第5节的结论部分将对主要结果进行总结。一个原因基本上由两种不同的事件状态组成,这两种状态彼此之间存在因果关系。在下文中,我们将使用“使役结构”(以下简称“CC”)作为一个具有更广泛含义的功能术语,其中也包括所谓的“致动”(Biville 1995)。Énoncés factitifs en拉丁语:syntax et ssammantique。见D. longrae(编),De usu, 31-44。Louvain-la-Neuve:此人;库利科夫2001年。使役动词。见M.哈斯佩尔马斯,E. König, W. osterreicher & W. Raible(编),语言类型学与语言共性。一本国际手册。第2卷,886-898。柏林和纽约:慕顿·德·格鲁伊特出版社。这种CC的作用就像被动语态和自反语态一样,因此是派生的谓词结构(Dik 1997b)。功能语法理论。第2部分:复杂和派生结构。亨格菲尔德主编。柏林和纽约:Mouton de Gruyter, 9),或者更准确地说:一个合并结构(Von Stechow, 1993)。语法语法。J. Jacobs, A. v. Stechow, W. Sternefeld, T. Vennemann & H. E. Wiegand(编),《句法》,卷1:1 - 88。Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 30),它改变了基本谓语的句法和语义形式。在句法上,会有规律的配价增加,因为导致基本谓语的一个论点,其核心是基本动词(BV),将被添加到次要位置。这个新的论点将填补主语的位置,而BV的前主语必须占据一个新的位置。经过形态修饰的使役动词被称为使役动词(CV),它是使役动词的核心。例如,对使役动词来说,assufacere就是CV。
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On causativity in Latin
Abstract Since causativity is either scarcely or not at all marked in Latin, most grammars and textbooks do not mention this verbal category. Nevertheless, from a functional point of view, there are many different means of causative constructions (CCs) in Latin, especially upon examination of analytical forms. After some methodological remarks in Section 1, the focus of Section 2 is a morphosyntactic survey of CCs in Latin. Apart from those cases that are not marked (Caesar … pontem rescidit, Gal. 4.19.4) there is a large group of lexical causatives (with subclasses in regard to the base verb), and even relics of a morphological causative which can be seen in the –facere/–ficere type. Additionally, there is no doubt that there are many analytical causatives. Within the latter group, which is the largest and most productive type of causative construction, the base verb appears not only embedded in different forms (as a predicative participle or an adjective, an infinitive, a gerund, a verb in subjunctive form within an ut-clause), but also as a noun of a functional verb construction (afficere+abl.; facere/dare/adferre+acc.). If it is possible to have “two or more causative mechanisms” in any given language, they “always have different meanings” (Dixon 2000. A typology of causatives. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (eds.), Changing valency. Case studies in transitivity, 30–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 33). This typological generalization can be seen in the syntactic and the semantic behavior of the single analytical causative constructions. The syntactic analysis of Section 3 shows if there are restrictions in relation to the Latin base verbs, i. e. whether transitive, intransitive or ditransitive verbs are possible, the valency status of the causee, to what extent the possibility of passivizing the CCs is available for the different types of causative constructions, and if so-called second causatives are possible. In the semantic analysis in Section 4, different parameters, like control and dynamicity, and semantic features like animateness will be applied with regard to the causer, the base verb and the whole construction. In the last instance, it will be explored to what extent the different semantic types of causatives, namely direct versus indirect and permissive versus declarative causatives, can be found in Latin. The conclusion in Section 5 will summarize the main results. A causative basically consists of two different states of affairs which are in a causal relation to each other. In the following, we will use the expression causative construction (hereafter, CC) as a functional cover term with a broader meaning which will also include the so-called factitive (Biville 1995. Énoncés factitifs en latin: syntaxe et sémantique. In D. Longrée (ed.), De usu, 31–44. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters; Kulikov 2001. Causatives. In M. Haspelmath, E. König, W. Oesterreicher & W. Raible (eds.), Language typology and language universals. An international handbook. Vol. 2, 886–898. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter). Such a CC acts just like passive and reflexive voice, and is in this way a derived predicate structure (Dik 1997b. The theory of functional grammar. Part 2: Complex and derived constructions. Ed. by K. Hengeveld. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 9), or more precisely: an incorporating structure (Von Stechow 1993. Die Aufgaben der Syntax. In J. Jacobs, A. v. Stechow, W. Sternefeld, T. Vennemann & H. E. Wiegand (eds.), Syntax, vol. 1: 1–88. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 30), which changes the syntactic and semantic form of the basic predication. Syntactically, there will be regular valency increase, because one argument that causes the basic predication, whose nucleus is the base verb (BV), will be added secondarily. This new argument will fill the subject slot, and the former subject of the BV has to take over a new position. The morphologically modified BV will be referred to as the causative verb (CV), which is then the nucleus of the CC. For example assuefacere is the CV to the BV assuescere.
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