The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics最新文献

Case Study 案例研究

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0121.pub2

Patricia A. Duff

{"title":"Case Study","authors":"Patricia A. Duff","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0121.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0121.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"近年,河川生態系の構造及び機能を評価する方法に関する研究が,海外では盛んに行われており,特に河川環境の情報を数値化する試みが行われている.これらの試みは,生物的側面の評価と物理構造面の評価2つのアプローチに大きく分けられる.生物的側面から河川環境を評価するシステムとしては,HABSCORE(アメリカ合衆国)(Barbour et al. 1999),AUSRIVAS(オーストラリア) (Simpson & Norris 2000),RIVPACS(イギリス)(Wright et al. 1984; Moss et al. 1987)などがある.一方で,河川環境を物理的側面から評価するシステムとしては,Habitat Predicting Model(アメリカ合衆国)(Davies et al. 2000),River Habitat Survey(イギリス)(Raven et al. 1997), SEQ-MP(フランス)(Agence de l’Eau Rhin-Meuse 1996) がある. 我が国における河川環境に関する全国的な調査は,国土交通省による河川水辺の国勢調査と環境省による自然環境保全基礎調査がある.この2つの調査では,水生動植物と陸上動植物に関する詳細なデータが採取されている.しかしながら,生物の生息場所(ハビタット)の評価に関する手法は,未だ体系化されていない. そこで本論ではイギリスで1997年に開発され,2003 年に改訂された River Habitat Survey(RHS)とそのスコアリングシステムである Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA)を用い,埼玉県,神流川流域の下久保ダム下流区間の河川環境を評価することを試みた.下久保ダム直下から下流へ約2.0kmまでの区間には,国指定名勝・天然記念物に指定されている三波石峡がある.RHS・HQA の河川環境評価システムが,天然記念物の環境要素を抽出できるかを検討した. RHSは,河川環境の特徴を評価するシステムであり, 河川環境情報を数値化する試みとしては,実施事例が多く比較的容易に情報を収集することができる.また, HQAは生物が生息する環境の多様性を数値化することにより評価する方法である.国内河川への適用事例(大石ほか2006)もあり,調査が比較的短時間・低コストであるといった観点からも,RHS・HQAの評価システムを用いた.","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121086380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Frame Analysis 框架分析

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0437.pub2

Youn‐Kyung Kim

引用次数: 0

Teaching Culture and Intercultural Competence 教学文化和跨文化能力

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1153.pub2

C. Chapelle

引用次数: 0

Bilingualism and Cognition 双语与认知

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0099.pub2

Annette M. B. De Groot

{"title":"Bilingualism and Cognition","authors":"Annette M. B. De Groot","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0099.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0099.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"Bilingualism affects various aspects of verbal and nonverbal cognition. The first part of this entry discusses the influence of bilingualism on language representation and use—verbal cognition. The second part demonstrates its effect on various aspects of nonverbal cognition. The effect of bilingualism on language shows from many studies exhibiting the ubiquitous interaction between bilinguals’ two languages, even in purely monolingual communicative settings. The mutual influence of the two languages is evident in both production and comprehension, in all linguistic subdomains (e.g., phonology, syntax, semantics), and occurs across both pairs of similar and dissimilar languages. A consequence of the inherently interactive nature of the bilingual language system is “accented” language, that is, differences in the linguistic expressions and comprehension processes of monolinguals and bilinguals. This phenomenon is illustrated with examples of phonological, grammatical, and semantic accents, and two possible sources of accented bilingual language are considered: differences between the representations of specific linguistic units in monolinguals and bilinguals, and cross-language activation of linguistic representations in bilinguals. Concerning the effect of bilingualism on nonverbal cognition the question is first posed how linguistic relativity—the idea that the different ways in which languages encode the surrounding world cause their speakers to think about the world differently—affects bilinguals’ conceptual worlds. Next, the relation between bilingualism and intelligence is discussed, recent evidence suggesting that bilingualism is advantageous for intelligence and cognitive functioning in general. The final section focuses on the relation between bilingualism and one specific aspect of cognitive functioning: executive control.","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116408581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Adverbs 副词

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0009.pub2

L. Hoye

引用次数: 0

Language Program Evaluation 语言课程评估

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0963.pub2

C. Chapelle

引用次数: 0

Intelligibility in World Englishes 世界英语的可理解性

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2021-05-28 DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0550.PUB2

K. Browne

引用次数: 0

Uses of Language Assessments 语文评估的用途

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2021-05-28 DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1237.PUB2

Phuong Nguyen

引用次数: 0

Washback in Language Assessment 语言评估中的反拨

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2020-12-22 DOI: 10.6018/IJES.13.2.185891

A. Green

引用次数: 27

Innovation in Language Teaching and Learning 语言教学的创新

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics Pub Date : 2020-12-22 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12567-7

M. Wedell, Laura Grassick

引用次数: 2