{"title":"Participating in God's Purpose by Following the Cruciform Pattern of Christ: The Use of Psalm 69:9b in Romans 15:3","authors":"Siu Fung Wu","doi":"10.2307/jstudpaullett.5.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/jstudpaullett.5.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"In his letter to the Romans, Paul emphasizes the importance of Israel's Scripture for his gospel (1:3–4; 16:25–27). In 15:4, he specifically links the Scriptures with endurance, consolation, and hope. Immediately before this verse, Paul cites Ps 69:9b. Commentators customarily—and rightly—think that Paul uses this citation to support his exhortation on community harmony in Rom 14–15. But is this the sole function of the citation? Does it, directly or indirectly, support other themes in Romans? Psalm 69 is significant for Romans, because it is cited in 11:9–10 and 15:3. It is also probable that Ps 69 played a significant role in the early church's understanding of Christ's suffering and death, because it is alluded to in the passion narratives in all four canonical gospels. But the use of Ps 69:9b in Rom 15:3 has drawn relatively little attention among scholars. This article suggests that the function of the citation is extensive, and it strengthens several main themes of the letter. More specifically, this article argues that the citation serves to reinforce Paul's call for believers to participate in God's purpose by following the cruciform pattern of Christ.","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68866919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editor's Foreword: Paul and Judaism","authors":"S. E. Porter","doi":"10.2307/jstudpaullett.5.2.0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/jstudpaullett.5.2.0153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68867096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paul and Judaism","authors":"Ben C. Blackwell","doi":"10.5040/9780567661142.ch-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5040/9780567661142.ch-005","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last century, Pauline scholarship has shifted from a largely negative to a largely positive evaluation and appropriation of Judaism. This essay documents key figures who helped shape that shift and explains the diversity of ways of framing the Paul/Judaism relationship found in contemporary Pauline scholarship. Based on this shift, the question as it stands now is not whether Paul is Jewish but how Paul is Jewish. After highlighting the shift as it progressed historically, this essay then explains five key influences which spurred on this transition: (1) the Holocaust, (2) the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, (3) reaction to the outcomes of the Judaism/Hellenism divide, (4) critique of the Judaism/Hellenism divide, and (5) the postmodern turn. None of these five influences alone accounts for the wider shift, but they interact with and support one another in ways that compound the wider effects.","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70494074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Galatians and the Progymnasmata on Refuting a Law: A Neglected Aspect of Pauline Rhetoric","authors":"Matthew E. Gordley","doi":"10.2307/jstudpaullett.5.1.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/jstudpaullett.5.1.0021","url":null,"abstract":"The structure, flow, and logic of Paul's argumentation in Galatians continues to be a subject of debate as scholars seek to read Paul's statements about the law, works of the law, and other aspects of Judaism within a framework that appreciates both the diverse nature of first-century Judaism and Paul's appropriation of his own Jewish heritage. Scholars have also sought to read Paul's letter to the Galatians in light of first-century Greco-Roman rhetorical strategies and conventions. This essay contributes to these discussions by looking at Galatians from an angle that has not yet been considered: the first-century A.D. progymnasmata exercise on the introduction and refutation of a law (νόμου εἰσφορά). This specific compositional exercise drew on the skills mastered in earlier exercises as students utilized compositional and rhetorical skills to persuade the reader (an imaginary audience) to enact or abandon a particular law based on the topics of legality, possibility, advantage, and appropriateness. By reading Galatians through the lens of this particular exercise, it is possible to appreciate the extent to which Paul utilized conventional forms of argumentation about the application of existing laws. This sort of reading contributes to a thicker description of Paul's use of elements of ancient rhetoric.","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68867208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“So Shall Your Seed Be”: Paul's Use of Genesis 15:5 in Romans 4:18 in Light of Early Jewish Deification Traditions","authors":"David A. Burnett","doi":"10.2307/jstudpaullett.5.2.0211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/jstudpaullett.5.2.0211","url":null,"abstract":"In Rom 4:18, Paul cites the “promise” to Abraham in LXX Gen 15:5, “so shall your seed be” (οὕτως ἔσται τὸ σπέρμα σου) in relation to what it means to “become the father of many nations” from Gen 17:5. Modern scholars have traditionally understood the relationship Paul sees between these two texts quantitatively, as promising a multitude of descendants made up of Jews and Gentiles. Conversely, some early Jewish interpreters of Gen 15:5 (and related texts such as Gen 22:17; 26:4) such as Philo, Sirach, and the author(s) of the Apocalypse of Abraham understood the promise qualitatively, as speaking not only of multiplication but of transformation into the likeness of the stars and assumption of their power. Reading Paul's use of Gen 15:5 in light of this qualitative interpretation places him within the context of already well-established deification or angelomorphic traditions in early Judaism that see the destiny of Abraham's seed as replacing the stars as the divine or angelic inheritors of the nations. This tradition may provide a more fitting explanation of the relationship Paul sees between Gen 17:5 and 15:5 in the wider context of the argument of Rom 4. This reading could illuminate the relationship between a complex nexus of ideas that Paul sees implicit in the one promise to Abraham in Gen 15:5. The promise of becoming as the stars of heaven would encompass the inheritance of the cosmos, becoming a father of many nations, and the resurrection from the dead.","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68867266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Letter Carriers and Paul's Use of Scripture","authors":"Matthew S. Harmon","doi":"10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.2.0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.2.0129","url":null,"abstract":"Within the discussion of Paul's use of Scripture, scholars have frequently wondered how his predominantly Gentile congregations would have recognized his often subtle allusions to and echoes of the Old Testament, let alone their broader context. One solution has been to suggest that the carrier of the letter played a role in further explaining its contents. In order to assess the validity of this possibility, this article begins by exploring the role of letter carriers in the ancient world. A survey of the Pauline epistles indicates that his letter carriers performed a similar range of tasks; they were more than merely couriers. They were similar to Greco-Roman envoys, sent as a manifestation of Paul's παρονσία and authorized to act on his behalf. As a result of this survey, two implications emerge for the study of Paul's use of Scripture and the audience's competency to recognize it: (1) Paul's use of envoys suggests they were authorized to explain the contents of the letter further, including his use of Scripture. (2) Given the letter's role to mediate the very presence of Paul himself, it is reasonable to conclude that his envoys engaged in teaching, a central component of his own ministry. Thus, there are solid grounds for suggesting that Paul's letter carriers played a role in helping the audience to recognize Old Testament allusions and echoes, as well as their original context.","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68866507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Covenants and Courtrooms, Imputation and Imitation: Righteousness and Justification in Paul and the Faithfulness of God","authors":"D. Starling","doi":"10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.1.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.1.0037","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers a response to the discussion of righteousness and justification in N. T. Wright's Paul and the Faithfulness of God. Though finding much in Wright's treatment to appreciate, it argues for a greater emphasis on the active, ethical dimensions of what Paul has in mind by \"righteousness\" (divine and human) and for the retention of the notion of the imputation of Christ's righteousness to believers, not as an explicit Pauline assertion but as a legitimate inference from Pauline premises. Understood in this manner, the doctrine of imputation (far from cutting the nerve between justification and transformation) opens up a way to draw straighter, clearer lines of commensurability and correspondence between the righteousness of God (expressed in his actions as creator, covenant maker, law giver, covenant keeper and judge), the righteousness of Christ (imputed to us in our justification and given as an example to imitate), and the righteousness of life to which we are called in the gospel.","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68865971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wright's Paul and the Cloud of (Other) Witnesses","authors":"M. Bockmuehl","doi":"10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.1.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.1.0059","url":null,"abstract":"With appreciation for Wright's admirable achievement, this article takes its starting point from a \"word cloud\" of Paul and the Faithfulness of God in order to illustrate this work's emphases as well as possible lacunae. Relative silence envelops questions such as (1) Paul's biography and its theological or mimetic value, including Luke's Paul in Acts; (2) criticisms of Wright's customarily straightforward equation of Paul's preferred term Christ with Messiah; (3) the hermeneutical implications for this project of any \"deutero-Pauline\" or indeed strictly \"pseudonymous\" authorship; (4) the place of observant Jews in \"all Israel.\" Wright's is a Paul of soteriological logos rather than of \"Christomimetic\" ethos, of suffering or of sacrifice. But these are queries for constructive engagement with what is now the most complete account of its kind in existence.","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68866118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Echoes of a Hymn in a Letter of Paul: The Rhetorical Function of the Christ-Hymn in the Letter to the Colossians","authors":"Adam Copenhaver","doi":"10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.2.0235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.2.0235","url":null,"abstract":"The “Christ hymn” of Col 1:15–20 has aroused the interest of scholars for several generations, not least because of its exalted prose, poetic features, and mysterious provenance. However, less attention has been given to the hymn's rhetorical function within the broader letter to the Colossians. This article demonstrates how the letter repeatedly echoes, interprets, applies, and argues from the hymn, and this in turn leads to the conclusion that the hymn functions as an essential foundational proof undergirding the letter's argumentation.","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68866833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconsidering Bελιάρ: 2 Corinthians 6:15 in Its Anti-imperial Jewish Apocalyptic Context","authors":"Paavo N. Tucker","doi":"10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.2.0169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/jstudpaullett.4.2.0169","url":null,"abstract":"In the history of scholarship, the epithet Bελιάρ in 2 Cor 6:15 has been considered almost unquestionably to be a reference to Satan or a demonic being. Recent studies however have called for a reexamination of Paul's language of the demonic, which can be situated in its political and religious contexts as Jewish Apocalyptic demonization of the Roman Empire and emperor cult. This article will further the inquiry into Paul's language of the demonic by examining how בליץל developed from its meanings in the Hebrew Bible and the Septuagint by way of Jewish Apocalyptic literature into Paul's use of the term as Bελιάρ in 2 Cor 6:15. These texts evince a complex notion of Bελιάρ as denoting not only a demonic spirit such as Satan, but often also human referents controlled by Satan, such as foreign rulers who oppose God and his people. Particularly, I will argue that this is the case in the anti-imperial context of 2 Cor 6:14–7:1, where the opponent of Christ as Bελιάρ should be understood as a reference to Nero, who is known as Bελιάρ also in the Sibylline Oracles and the Ascension and Martyrdom of Isaiah. This designation will shed light on Paul's communicative goals to Christians at Corinth, which was established as the center of the Achaian Provincial imperial cult in the same year that Nero became emperor in A.D. 54, just prior to Paul writing 2 Corinthians.","PeriodicalId":29841,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters","volume":"45 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68866615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}