Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery最新文献

{"title":"Biological Potential and Therapeutic Effectiveness of Phytoproduct 'Fargesin' in Medicine: Focus on the Potential of an Active Phytochemical of Magnolia fargesii.","authors":"Kanika Patel, Dinesh Kumar Patel","doi":"10.2174/0127722708286664240429093913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708286664240429093913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flos Magnoliae is one of the important medicinal plants in different traditional medicine, including Chinese herbal medicine. Lignans and neolignans, including tetrahydrofurofuran, tetrahydrofuran, and aryltetralin, are present in the Flos Magnoliae species. A wide range of pharmacological activity of Flos Magnoliae has been reported in medicine. Fargesin has been isolated from Magnolia fargesii and is a lignan-class phytochemical. Fargesin has numerous pharmacological activities in medicine, including its effectiveness on lipid and glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, myocardial apoptosis, etc. In the present work, we have summarized the detailed scientific information of fargesin concerning its medicinal properties and pharmacological activities. Numerous biological and chemical aspects of fargesin are discussed here, including the detailed pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of fargesin. In this review, we have also compiled analytical data on fargesin based on available scientific literature. Ethnopharmacological information on fargesin was gathered by a literature survey on Pubmed, Science Direct, Google, and Scopus using the terms fargesin, Flos Magnoliae, phytochemical, and herbal medicine. The present review paper compiled the scientific data on fargesin in medicine for its pharmacological activities and analytical aspects in a very concise manner with proper citations. The present work signified the biological importance of fargesin in medicine due to its significant impact on bone disorders, lung injury, colon cancer, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, ischemia, sars-cov-2, allergy, lipid and glucose metabolism, melanin synthesis, and different classes of enzymes. Furthermore, fargesin also has anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial, and antifeedant activity. However, analytical methods used for the separation, identification and isolation of fargesin in different biological and non-biological samples were also covered in the present review. The present work revealed the pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of fargesin in medicine and other allied health sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140899797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential Anti-psoriatic Effects of Andrographolide: A Comparative Study to Topical Corticosteroids.","authors":"Indira Dharmasamitha, Luh Made Mas Rusyati, Dyah Kanya Wati, I Made Agus Gelgel Wirasuta","doi":"10.2174/0127722708296983240424102212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708296983240424102212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Andrographolide (AP), a bioactive anti-inflammatory compound of Sambiloto, inhibits NF-κB, TNF-α, and interleukin IL-6. Nowadays, molecular docking simulation between AP and dexamethasone against NF-κB receptor presented the energy AP higher than dexamethasone. This becomes a potential treatment for psoriasis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This manuscript reported the effectiveness of AP from Sambiloto in treating psoriasis compared to topical steroids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study conducted TLC analysis of AP content and its metabolite impurities, emulgel formulation, molecular docking, in-silico skin toxicity study, and in-vivo anti-psoriatic activity. This was a combination study of an in-silico study and an in-vivo study. This in-silico study was analyzed through multivariate statistical analysis (PCA) to elucidate the data constellation relationship of andrographolide derivatives with several target proteins. The intervention was performed in seven days. The PASI score, molecular parameters (IL-6, IL-17, VEGF, and TNF-a levels), and histopathological findings were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Molecular docking results revealed andrographolide to exhibit a relatively high binding affinity towards IL-6, NF-kB, and TNF-α which is comparable to the corticosteroids, andrographolide also shares similar residue interaction profile with each of the respective protein's native ligand. In the in-vivo study, we found several parameters statistically significantly different regarding the intervention, including final PASI score (p = 0.017), redness (p = 0.017), scale (p = 0.040), thickness (p = 0.023), total histopathology of psoriasis score (p = 0.037), keratin layer score (p = 0.018).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Emulgel AP 0.1% could lower the anti-inflammatory agent, which is vital to psoriasis progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140858297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Detection of Cerebrovascular Disease using Multimodal Medical Image Fusion.","authors":"S. Paul, Shruti Jain","doi":"10.2174/0127722708288426240408042054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708288426240408042054","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Diseases are medical situations that are allied with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be instigated by internal dysfunction or external factors like pathogens. Cerebrovascular disease can progress from diverse causes, comprising thrombosis, atherosclerosis, cerebral venous thrombosis, or embolic arterial blood clot.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000In this paper, authors have proposed a robust framework for the detection of cerebrovascular diseases employing two different proposals which were validated by use of other dataset.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000In proposed model 1, the Discrete Fourier transform is used for the fusion of CT and MR images which was classified them using machine learning techniques and pre-trained models while in proposed model 2, the cascaded model was proposed. The performance evaluation parameters like accuracy and losses were evaluated.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u000092% accuracy was obtained using Support Vector Machine using Gray Level Difference Statistics and Shape features with Principal Component Analysis as a feature selection technique while Inception V3 resulted in 95.6% accuracy while the cascaded model resulted in 96.21% accuracy.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The cascaded model is later validated on other datasets which results in 0.11% and 0.14% accuracy improvement for TCIA and BRaTS datasets respectively.","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140683959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Therapeutic Potency of Silver/Chitosan, Silver/Saponin and Chitosan/ Saponin Nanocomposites on Ethanol-induced Gastric Ulcers in Wistar Rats.","authors":"Maha Ahmed Taha Hassan, Amel M Soliman, Ayman Saber Mohamed","doi":"10.2174/0127722708283559240405075921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708283559240405075921","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000The annual incidence of peptic ulcer disease is estimated to be four million cases worldwide, with an average lifetime risk of 7.5% in individuals of all ages. Polymer nanocomposites have novel prospects in the field of modern medicine.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The present research endeavors to assess the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles composed of silver/chitosan, silver/saponin, and chitosan/saponin against gastric ulcers induced by ethanol in Wistar rats.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Forty-eight rats were randomly split into eight groups of the same size. Oral ethanol (5 ml/kg of body weight) was given to all rat groups except the control one for 1 hour before treatment. Control and ulcer groups of rats were given distilled water orally. The rats in the other groups were given orally 1/10 LD50 of each treatment as follows: AgNPs, chitosan NPs, Saponin, AgNPs-Chitosan NPs, AgNP-Saponin, and chitosan-Saponin NPs.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000NP-treated groups showed a significant increase in the gastric juice pH, glutathione reduced, catalase, and nitric oxide while gastric juice volume, ulcer index, and malondialdehyde levels decreased compared with the ulcer group. Histopathological investigation of stomach showed improvement in NPs groups specially in the chitosan-Saponin NPs group.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The current study revealed that silver-chitosan, silver-saponin and chitosansaponin nanocomposites effectively treat gastric ulcers. Chitosan-Saponin nanoparticles showed high therapeutic effectiveness against gastric ulcer in rats.","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140696105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rebaudioside B Attenuates Lung Ischemia-reperfusion Injury-associated Apoptosis and Inflammation.","authors":"Xiangyang Wu, Tao Qiao, Jian Huang, Jian Li, Shilin Wei, Jianbao Yang, Yanchun Zhang, Yongnan Li","doi":"10.2174/0127722708295154240327035857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708295154240327035857","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000At present, no proven effective treatment is available for Lung Ischemiareperfusion Injury (LIRI). Natural compounds offer promising prospects for developing new drugs to address various diseases. This study sought to explore the potential of Rebaudioside B (Reb B) as a treatment compound for LIRI, both in vivo and in vitro.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000This study involved utilizing the human pulmonary alveolar cell line A549, consisting of epithelial type II cells, subjected to Oxygen-glucose Deprivation/recovery (OGD/R) for highthroughput in vitro cell viability screening. The aim was to identify the most promising candidate compounds. Additionally, an in vivo rat model of lung ischemia-reperfusion was employed to evaluate the potential protective effects of Reb B.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Through high-throughput screening, Reb B emerged as the most promising natural compound among those tested. In the A549 OGD/R models, Reb B exhibited a capacity to enhance cell viability by mitigating apoptosis. In the in vivo LIRI model, pre-treatment with Reb B notably decreased apoptotic cells, perivascular edema, and neutrophil infiltration within lung tissues. Furthermore, Reb B demonstrated its ability to attenuate lung inflammation associated with LIRI primarily by elevating IL-10 levels while reducing levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The comprehensive outcomes strongly suggest Reb B's potential as a protective agent against LIRI. This effect is attributed to its inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and its ability to mitigate the inflammatory response.","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140739038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoinformatic Analysis of Leishmania Major gp46 Protein and Potential Targets for Vaccination against Leishmaniasis.","authors":"Mohammad Reza Hafezi Ahmadi, Mina Mamizadeh, Davood Siamian, Mehdi Ali Asghari Touyeh, Morteza Shams, Yasaman Rashidi","doi":"10.2174/0127722708283588240124095057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708283588240124095057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease with a significant burden in the Old World countries.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In the current study, some of the primary biochemical properties and IFN-γ inducing epitopes with specific binding capacity to human and mouse MHC alleles were predicted for Leishmania major gp46 antigenic protein.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Several online servers were used to predict physico-chemical traits, allergenicity, antigenicity, transmembrane domain and signal peptide, subcellular localization, post-translational modifications (PTMs), secondary and tertiary structures, tertiary model refining with validations. Also, IEDB web server was used to predict mouse/human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 33.25 kDa protein was stable, hydrophilic, antigenic, while non-allergenic, with enhanced thermotolerance and 45 PTM sites. The secondary structure encompassed a random coil, followed by extended strands and helices. Ramachandran-based analysis of the refined model showed 73.1%, 21.6%, 3.4% and 1.9% of residues in the most favored, additional allowed, generously-allowed and disallowed regions, respectively. Epitope screening demonstrated 4 HTL epitopes against seemingly protective HLA alleles, 5 HTL epitopes against the HLA reference set, 3 human CTL epitopes and a number of mouse MHC-restricted epitopes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This paper provides insights into the bioinformatics characteristics of the L. major gp46 protein as a promising vaccine candidate.</p>","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Serum Levels of Vitamin D3 and IgE in Patients with Chronic and Allergic Sinusitis: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Payman Bagheri, Majid Nouri, Hesam Eskandarzadeh, Mohammad Darvishi","doi":"10.2174/0127722708281623240116100806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708281623240116100806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic rhinosinusitis is known as a common problem with inflammatory and allergic causes. Several factors are associated with developing chronic rhinosinusitis, including immunoglobulin E (IgE) production and vitamin D deficiency.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, we investigated the role of IgE and Vitamin D deficiency and differences between patients with chronic, allergic sinusitis and controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 90 subjects were included in 3 groups (n=30) in this cross-sectional, correlational descriptive study. The subjects were divided into three groups, including control (healthy subjects), chronic sinusitis patients, and allergy patients. A checklist was used to collect the necessary data, including age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). To evaluate serum levels of vitamin D3 and IgE, ELISA kits were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean vitamin D was 22 g/ml. Fifty-four participants (60%) out of all included people had insufficient vitamin D, 13% had a deficiency, and the high deficiency and insufficiency were in the group of allergic sinusitis. Our results indicated that gender (female) was significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency (p =0.01). Thirty-nine participants (43.3%) out of all studied subjects had high IgE, and the highest level of abnormality of IgE was in the allergic sinusitis group. Furthermore, it was found that gender and IgE were not significantly related. However, IgE was significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency in the allergic sinusitis group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings highlighted that most of the patients with chronic and allergic sinusitis had insufficient vitamin D. A possible association was also found between low vitamin D and IgE levels and the prevalence of allergic sinusitis. This study showed that patients with allergic sinusitis may be more vulnerable to lower serum levels of vitamin D. Therefore, vitamin D supplementation as an adjunctive therapy may be considered in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139651792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of the Immune System Mechanisms using Probiotic Bacteria in Allergic Diseases: Focus on Allergic Retinitis and Food Allergies.","authors":"Haleh Forouhandeh, Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, Kamran Hosseini, Sohrab Minaei Beirami, Hossein Ahangari, Yusif Moammer, Sara Ebrahimzadeh, Masoomeh Kashef Nejad, Afsaneh Farjami, Fariba Khodaiefar, Vahideh Tarhriz","doi":"10.2174/0127722708246899230928080651","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0127722708246899230928080651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allergic illnesses occur when an organism's immune system is excessively responsive to certain antigens, such as those that are presented in the environment. Some people suffer from a wide range of immune system-related illnesses including allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, hay fever, and even anaphylaxis. Immunotherapy and medications are frequently used to treat allergic disorders. The use of probiotics in bacteriotherapy has lately gained interest. Probiotics are essential to human health by modulating the gut microbiota in some ways. Due to probiotics' immunomodulatory properties present in the gut microbiota of all animals, including humans, these bacterial strains can prevent a wide variety of allergic disorders. Probiotic treatment helps allergy patients by decreasing inflammatory cytokines and enhancing intestinal permeability, which is important in the battle against allergy. By altering the balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses in the intestinal mucosa, probiotics can heal allergic disorders. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between probiotics and a reduced risk of allergy disorders. A wide range of allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic retinitis and food allergies has been proven to benefit from probiotic bacteria. Therefore, the use of probiotics in the treatment of allergic diseases offers a promising perspective. Considering that probiotic intervention in the treatment of diseases is a relatively new field of study, more studies in this regard seem necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Traditional Medicine to Advanced Therapeutics: The Renaissance of Phyto-nano Interventions in Psoriasis.","authors":"Rajneesh Semele, Sonam Grewal, Manish Kumar Jeengar, Thakur Gurjeet Singh, Rajan Swami","doi":"10.2174/0127722708265612231012080047","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0127722708265612231012080047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psoriasis is an autoimmune systemic chronic inflammatory disease that exhibits characteristic detrimental effects on the skin, often leading to infections or comorbid conditions. The multifaceted nature of psoriasis has made it very challenging to treat, especially with current chemotherapy options. Therefore, it is essential to consider phytoconstituents as novel alternatives. However, despite demonstrating higher anti-inflammatory, anti-psoriasis, and immunomodulatory potential, their clinical usage is hindered due to their poor physicochemical properties. To address these drawbacks, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have been developed, helping to achieve better permeation of phytoconstituents through topical administration. This has breathed new life into traditional systems of medicine, particularly in the context of treating psoriasis. In this current review, we present a detailed, comprehensive, and up-to-date analysis of the literature, which will contribute to affirming the clinical role of phyto-nano interventions against psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71427404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decrypting the Pathological Pathways in IgA Nephropathy.","authors":"Rajiv Jash, Kousik Maparu, Sanket Seksaria, Saptarshi Das","doi":"10.2174/0127722708275167231011102924","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0127722708275167231011102924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IgAN is the most common form of glomerulonephritis affecting 2000000 people annually. The disease ultimately progresses to chronic renal failure and ESRD. In this article, we focused on a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and thus identifying different target proteins that could be essential in therapeutic approaches in the management of the disease. Aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 produced by the suppression of the enzyme β-1, 3 galactosyltransferase ultimately triggered the formation of IgG autoantibodies which form complexes with Gd-IgA1. The complex gets circulated through the blood vessels through monocytes and ultimately gets deposited in the glomerular mesangial cells via CD71 receptors present locally. This complex triggers the inflammatory pathways activating the alternate complement system, various types of T Cells, toll-like receptors, cytokines, and chemokines ultimately recruiting the phagocytic cells to eliminate the Gd-IgA complex. The inflammatory proteins cause severe mesangial and podocyte damage in the kidney which ultimately initiates the repair process following chronic inflammation by an important protein named TGFβ1. TGF β1 is an important protein produced during chronic inflammation mediating the repair process via various downstream transduction proteins and ultimately producing fibrotic proteins which help in the repair process but permanently damage the glomerular cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":29815,"journal":{"name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}