ACS Applied Optical Materials最新文献

{"title":"Bi-Assisted Double-Sided ZnO Nanorod Architectures for Fast and Geometry-Enhanced X-Ray Scintillation","authors":"Sinem V. Kurudirek,&nbsp;Anna Erickson,&nbsp;Paul J. Sellin,&nbsp;Benjamin J. Lawrie,&nbsp;Tanya A. Balandin,&nbsp;Luis Stand,&nbsp;Charles L. Melcher,&nbsp;Jason D. Azoulay,&nbsp;Nolan E. Hertel,&nbsp;Murat Kurudirek","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00409","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bi-assisted ZnO nanorod(NR) arrays are investigated as thin, transparent,and fast nanostructured scintillator architectures for X-ray detection.Vertically aligned ZnO:Bi NR arrays were grown hydrothermally on fused-silicasubstrates in single-sided, refresh-grown, and double-sided configurationsto investigate the effects of Bi-assisted growth, effective scintillatingvolume, and collection geometry on the measured luminescence response.Structural and morphological analyses show that moderate Bi-assistedgrowth preserves the preferential <em>c</em>-axis-orientedwurtzite ZnO structure while producing dense, high-aspect-ratio NRarrays. Optical spectroscopy reveals a visible-emission-dominant response,with broad yellow–orange photoluminescence centered at ∼580–600nm and weak near-band-edge emission. Cathodoluminescence imaging andspectral mapping further show that the visible emission is spatiallyenhanced at NR edge/sidewall regions, supporting a surface/defect-mediatedrecombination mechanism. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersiveX-ray spectroscopy analyses of representative ZnO:Bi samples supportthe presence of Bi species and surface/defect-related oxygen contributions.Time-resolved PL measurements yield a fast amplitude-weighted averagelifetime of ∼5.3 ns, indicating rapid defect-mediated visiblerecombination. Under 45 kV X-ray tube voltage, double-sided ZnO:BiNR arrays exhibit broad radioluminescence centered at ∼600nm in both reflection and transmission geometries. Under the investigatedmeasurement conditions, the integrated detected RL intensity in transmissiongeometry is approximately 6–8 times that measured in reflectiongeometry. Among the double-sided samples, ZnO:Bi (5%) provides thehighest measured transmission-mode RL intensity, whereas higher nominalBi loading reduces the response, consistent with increased disorderand nonradiative loss pathways. The spectral separation between strongnear-band-edge absorption and yellow–orange RL emission mayreduce reabsorption losses and facilitate visible-light transportthrough the NR architecture. These results demonstrate that Bi-assisteddouble-sided ZnO NR architectures provide a promising platform forfast, transparent, and geometry-enhanced X-ray scintillators.</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 9","pages":"2746–2764"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Reconstruction and Controllable Synthesis of Mn4+-Activated Narrow-Band Fluoride Red Phosphors","authors":"Yuhuan Tan,&nbsp;Wenli Zhou","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00448","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Driven by the demand for high-performancered color convertersin wide-color-gamut displays and high color-rendering-index lighting,Mn⁴⁺-activated fluoride phosphors stand out for their nontoxicity,efficient blue-light absorption, and narrow-band red emission. However,the fluoride crystalline lattice presents a critical trade-off: despiteenabling excellent luminescent output, it intrinsically introducestwo major limitations, namely, poor moisture stability and inadequatecontrol over the particle size and morphological uniformity. Suchdrawbacks severely restrict the widespread commercial deployment ofthese phosphors in next-generation lighting and display devices. ThisSpotlight on Applications begins by systematically elaborating onthe basic crystal architectures and photoluminescence behaviors ofMn⁴⁺-doped fluoride red phosphors. We subsequently centerour discussion on the two core technical bottlenecks mentioned aboveand comprehensively overview cutting-edge progress from our researchteam and peer groups in three core research directions: surface andcrystal reconstruction strategies, precise tuning of particle dimensionand morphology, and environmentally benign synthetic methodologies.By analyzing typical experimental observations and deciphering thefundamental mechanisms governing material design and structural modification,this work delivers actionable design guidelines for fabricating fluoridered phosphors that integrate high luminous efficiency, robust environmentalstability, tunable particle geometry, and excellent device compatibility.Moreover, this review is anticipated to accelerate the technical advancementand industrial translation of such narrow-band fluorides as state-of-the-artred-emitting functional materials for advanced optoelectronics.</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 9","pages":"2473–2486"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5G Frequency-Compatible Reconfigurable Metamaterial Absorber Based on Direct Laser-Written Vanadium Dioxide","authors":"Hemadri Bandhu,&nbsp;Rahul Vishwakarma,&nbsp;Amit Verma","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00391","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work presents a reconfigurable microwave metamaterialabsorberusing laser-written vanadium dioxide (VO₂), which showsan insulator–metal phase transition near ∼341 K, leadingto a significant resistance change. The absorber operates via thethermally triggered VO₂ phase transition, eliminating theneed for external biasing components. Compared to traditional reconfigurablemetamaterial fabrication methods involving soldering of discrete componentsor use of multilayer structures, laser writing offers simultaneousfabrication and patterning of VO₂. The approach, beingchemical-free, high-resolution, and requiring neither soldering norlithography, offers an effective route for realizing complex reconfigurablemetamaterial structures. Raman spectroscopy and resistance switchingmeasurements confirm the presence of VO₂. S-parameter measurementsare performed on the fabricated metamaterial prototype. These measurementsshow temperature-dependent tunable absorption (as VO₂ transitionsfrom insulating to metallic phase) across a broad 21.5–31.5GHz frequency range, achieving over 90% absorption at 85 °C.HFSS simulations along with equivalent circuit analysis are used tounderstand the obtained experimental results. This study establisheslaser writing as a simple and efficient alternative to conventionalreconfigurable metamaterial fabrication approaches, offering potentialfor reconfigurable absorbers in 5G frequency bands (N258 and N261).</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 9","pages":"2665–2674"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upconversion in Mixed Plasmonic-Semiconductor Nanoparticle Solids","authors":"Benjamin T. Diroll","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00278","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fields generated from plasmonic particles and arraysare exploitedto enhance optical and chemical processes in a wide range of fields,including nonlinear optics. Here, it is reported that in mixturesof semiconductor quantum dots and plasmonic doped oxide nanoparticleswith infrared localized surface plasmon resonances, infrared excitationgenerates upconverted photoluminescence with a power dependence ofthe order less than three, in contrast to the fourth-order power-dependenceexpected from photon energy and observations of pure CdSe/CdS quantumdots. Earlier results of plasmonic enhancement of nonlinear upconversionhave shown lower threshold fluences or powers but not a similar changein the order of power dependence, implying a different underlyingmechanism in this case. The finding is reproduced in multiple samplepairs; it is observed for many different stoichiometries and for multiplepump excitation wavelengths. The anomalous power dependence is attributedto plasmon-induced saturation of quantum dot nonlinear absorption.</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 9","pages":"2555–2561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conformal Radiation-Scattering Synergetic Meta-Device for both Radiation and Scattering Spectral Camouflage","authors":"Hong Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Hai Fan Li,&nbsp;Jia Chen Li,&nbsp;Wei Xiong,&nbsp;Xiong Bin Wu,&nbsp;Yong Jin Zhou","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we present a conformal radiation-scatteringsynergeticmeta-device (RS²MD) that exhibits switchable dual functionalities:efficient radiation and dynamic scattering modulation. Although thesetwo functionalities are not activated simultaneously, they are synergisticallydesigned within a unified structural and algorithmic framework usinga spatially variant lattice optimization algorithm. The conformalRS²MD exhibits high-efficiency radiation within 9.5–10.3GHz, achieving a peak gain of 19.3 dBi at 10 GHz. Leveraging a seventh-orderpseudorandom time-modulated coding scheme, the conformal RS²MD effectively achieves spectral camouflage, realizing low-scatteringcharacteristics across 9–11 GHz. Experimental results confirmits excellent conformal adaptability and scattering spectral camouflageperformance.</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 9","pages":"2547–2554"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149028003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Color Emissive Tb3+- and Eu3+-Doped YVO4 Nanophosphors with Strain-Engineered Charge Transfer for Anticounterfeiting Application","authors":"Priyalakshmi Rohini Kukkala,&nbsp;Venkata Nagendra Kumar Putta,&nbsp;Ramakrishna Rao Bhonsle,&nbsp;Neelu Bharadwaj,&nbsp;Ramaswamy Sandeep Perala","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00326","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Luminescent nanomaterials are increasingly recognizedfor theirsignificance in secure labeling and photonic applications. This researchis focused on the synthesis and characterization of Tb³⁺/Eu³⁺ codoped YVO₄ nanophosphors, as well asassessing their potential for use in anticounterfeiting measures.Two compositions of YVO₄:Tb³⁺/Eu³⁺ nanophosphors were synthesized and annealed at 900 °C for 4h. Y_0.95VO₄:Tb_0.04³⁺/Eu_0.01³⁺ and Y_0.95VO₄:Tb_0.03³⁺/Eu_0.02³⁺ are analyzedusing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),SEM-EDS, UV–vis, photoluminescence (PL), thermogravimetricanalysis (TGA), and CIE techniques. XRD established phase purity andtetragonal structure. The band gap and Urbach energy (UE) values derivedfrom UV–vis absorption data suggest that the synthesized materialspossess favorable electrical as well as optical properties. PL studiesshowed strong red and green emissions, with Y_0.95VO₄:Tb_0.03³⁺/Eu_0.02³⁺ exhibiting ∼3 times higher red and green intensity, provingbetter energy transfer (ET). Under ultraviolet (UV) light, luminescentinks made from these materials produced invisible patterns that becamevisible, orange or reddish, depending on excitation wavelength andcomposition. Specifically for Y_0.95VO₄:Tb_0.03³⁺/Eu_0.02³⁺ nanomaterial,an excellent fluorescent orange emission was observed, which wouldbe raised from the combination of green and red emissions. The resultsdemonstrated that Tb³⁺/Eu³⁺ codoped YVO₄ nanophosphors offer stable, tunable emission and are wellsuited for anticounterfeiting applications requiring covert UV-activatedsecurity features. This study, in comparison to prior research, illustratesthe critical nature of host-activator compatibility, enhanced emissionperformance, and improved stability, emphasizing its potential forfuture optoelectronic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 8","pages":"2418–2432"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148858994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic Hot-Electron Response Enabled Telecom-Band Ultrafast Silicon-Integrated van der Waals Photodetectors","authors":"Yueying Cui,&nbsp;Ting Zheng,&nbsp;Yuanfang Yu,&nbsp;Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Xinlei Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaxin Gong,&nbsp;Kaiyang Liu,&nbsp;Jialin Zhang,&nbsp;Weiwei Zhao,&nbsp;Junpeng Lu,&nbsp;Zhenhua Ni","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00315","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Near-infrared photodetection is vital in the fields ofopticaltelecommunications, medical diagnostics, and consumer electronics.However, the bandgap of silicon limits its intrinsic spectral responseto wavelengths below approximately 1100 nm, preventing direct detectionin these sub-bandgap regions. Integrating silicon with plasmonic structuresenhances electromagnetic fields and enables hot-electron (HET)-assistedsub-bandgap detection via localized surface plasmon resonance, yetisolating the intrinsic response of hot electrons remains largelyunexplored, impeding the understanding and advancement of HET devicesand their architectural design. In this study, we demonstrate switchablephotoelectric mechanisms between HET transfer and photovoltage effectin a WO_{3–<em>x</em>}/graphene/Si sandwichedphotodetector. Notably, the intrinsic HET infrared response was elucidatedthrough the analysis of power-dependent photocurrent (PC) evolutionand transient absorption measurements spectroscopy. The direct transferof electrodes, graphene intercalation layer, and WO_{3–<em>x</em>} arrays endows a defect-free van der Waals contactdevice configuration. Combined plasmonic HET transfer achieves bothfast response with a speed of 430 ns (rise time) and an extended detectionrange to 1550 nm, which is faster than many previously reported low-dimensional-material/Siphotodetectors. The experimental results reveal distinct PC behaviorson either side of silicon’s cutoff wavelength, providing clearevidence of HET photoelectric conversion. This study provides valuableinsights into the underlying mechanisms of HET optoelectronics andoffers a pathway for developing high-performance sub-bandgap infraredphotodetectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 8","pages":"2358–2367"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Light Processing of Ligand-Engineered FAPbBr3 Composites for 3D Luminescent Structures with Geometry-Dependent Optical Properties","authors":"Na Ye Jang,&nbsp;Seo Rim Park,&nbsp;Hong-Gyu Park,&nbsp;Young Tae Cho","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00297","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Halide perovskites exhibit remarkable photoluminescence;however,it is difficult to process them into robust three-dimensional (3D)devices because of their instability and poor compatibility with photocurablepolymers. In this study, a digital light processing (DLP) additivemanufacturing strategy was developed to overcome these limitationsby combining surface-engineered formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr₃) with photopolymerizable resins. Initially, commerciallyavailable FAPbBr₃ particles were capped with oleic acidand oleylamine to improve their dispersibility and interfacial compatibilitywith an acrylate matrix, thereby enabling rapid cross-linking andhomogeneous curing during DLP printing. Using this resin, centimeter-scale3D structures including free-form lattices, representative text, logo-like,and QR-code-like patterns were printed with clear pattern definition,bright cyan-green emission under ultraviolet illumination, and goodmechanical integrity. Photoluminescence imaging and color coordinateanalysis confirmed that the emission characteristics of FAPbBr₃ were preserved throughout the printing process, and microscopicexamination revealed an accurate reproduction of the fine patterndetails. Moreover, substituting the perovskite with MAPbI₃ or CsPbBr₃ produced red- and blue-emitting structures,demonstrating the versatility of this method for multicolor printing.Overall, these results indicate that DLP printing of ligand-engineeredperovskite composites enables the fabrication of stable luminescent3D structures on practical scales, thereby opening avenues for opticaldisplays, information encoding, security marking, and other functionalphotonic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 8","pages":"2336–2350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148858989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Optoacoustic System for Fast and Nondestructive Hydrogel Bulk Mechanical Property Characterization","authors":"Hayato L. Mizuno,&nbsp;Ayumu Ishijima,&nbsp;Keiichi Nakagawa,&nbsp;Ichiro Sakuma,&nbsp;Yuki Akagi","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00168","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Physicochemical characteristics of hydrogels have beenextensivelystudied with the aim of employing these materials for various biomedicalpurposes. The elasticity of hydrogels is recognized to significantlyinfluence their interaction with cells and tissues, and this propertycan be quantified through compression/tension testing equipment. Nevertheless,this measurement technique requires the hydrogel to exhibit substantialelasticity and dimensions, and it is destructive, rendering the hydrogeltest samples nonreusable. Here we report an acoustic-pulse-imaging-basedmethod for hydrogel mechanical property measurement, which includesan optical system that measures the velocity of acoustic pulses asthey propagate through a hydrogel specimen, which is later convertedto a longitudinal storage modulus. Results obtained using the proposedsystem demonstrate its capability of conducting nondestructive longitudinalstorage modulus measurements of hydrogels, which correlated well withtheir Young’s modulus for chemically cross-linked hydrogelswith relatively dense network structures. Furthermore, the proposedapproach effectively monitored the time-dependent alterations in elasticitythat manifest during the gelation process of chemically cross-linkednetworks, exhibiting the system’s potential in tracking temporalchanges in hydrogel elasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 8","pages":"2276–2284"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of the Optical Properties of a Carbazole-Based Emitter","authors":"Jin-Seon Heo,&nbsp;Tae-Ho Yang,&nbsp;Woonha Lee,&nbsp;Seonghwan An,&nbsp;Si-Yoon Kim,&nbsp;Jonghee Lee,&nbsp;Sungmin Kwon,&nbsp;Jae-Hyun Lee","doi":"10.1021/acsaom.6c00291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.6c00291","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study analyzes the optical properties and devicestabilityof 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) and4,5-bis(carbazol-9-yl)-1,2-dicyanobenzene (2CzPN), representativecarbazole-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters,with a focus on their polaron states using spectroelectrochemical(SEC) analysis. The oxidation and reduction potentials of each materialwere determined by cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, the absorptionspectra obtained from SEC measurements are deconvoluted via Gaussianfitting to clearly distinguish the absorption characteristics of eachmaterial in both the neutral and polaron states. The results showthat in their polaron states, both 4CzIPN and 4,5-bis(carbazol-9-yl)-1,2-dicyanobenzeneexhibit enhanced absorption in the short- and long-wavelength regionscompared with their neutral forms, resulting in spectral overlap withtheir photoluminescence spectra. Notably, stability evaluations usingsingle-charge devices (electron- and hole-only devices) reveal a decreaseof more than 10% in the photoluminescence intensity of the 4CzIPN-basedhole-only device. This degradation is attributed to the absorptionof excitation light (385 nm) by positive polarons, leading to thesimultaneous generation of excitons from both the neutral moleculesand positive polarons. Overall, the results demonstrate that SEC analysisenables the rapid assessment of emitter polaron characteristics priorto device fabrication and provides important guidelines for the designof highly efficient and stable thermally activated delayed fluorescencedevices.</p>","PeriodicalId":29803,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Optical Materials","volume":"4 8","pages":"2351–2357"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148858967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}