Renewable Energy Focus最新文献

{"title":"Charging management of electric vehicles with the presence of renewable resources","authors":"Morteza Azimi Nasab ,&nbsp;Wedad Khamis Al-Shibli ,&nbsp;Mohammad Zand ,&nbsp;Behzad Ehsan-maleki ,&nbsp;Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.100536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Considering the increasing use of electric vehicles, the establishment of charging stations to exchange power between the grid and electric devices, and the integration of charging stations with solar power generation sources, the optimal use of electric vehicle charging stations in the power system. The purpose of cost reduction in the presence of the intelligent environment is a challenge that must be investigated so that this platform is suitable for predicting the behaviour of vehicles and, as a result, optimizing their presence in the power network. This research presents a relatively complete radial distribution network development planning model in two scenarios. In the first scenario, the effects of electric vehicles are not considered, and only the effects of distributed production (renewable and dispatchable) are considered. Studies have been done on a sample 54-bus network, a common system in most Distribution expansion planning (DEP) articles for distribution networks. In addition, the real data of American highways have been used to create raw input data. Also, due to the distance limit, the information on vehicles under 100 miles has been received as electric vehicle information. The clustering method and Capiola multivariate probability distribution functions have created suitable vehicle scenarios during different planning years. Capiola’s method increases the accuracy of vehicle load forecasting according to a predetermined growth rate. The DEP problem in this research is modeled as an optimization problem based on scenario, dynamic, and in 5 one-year time frames (5-year time horizon and one-year accuracy). The results indicate that, in the presence of electric vehicles and distributed production sources, the technical characteristics of the network are improved.</p><p>Similarly, the use of DGs, in addition to reducing the cost of equipment, has reduced undistributed energy in the system. But 10,000 vehicles, which have been applied to the network as an uncontrolled load, have caused an increase in undistributed energy. The cost of equipment required for the network development is almost as much as 5%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008423001321/pdfft?md5=ed10a4f8cac0ffddc22163171bea0211&pid=1-s2.0-S1755008423001321-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139503459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A highly efficient and cost-effective liquid biofuel for agricultural diesel engines from ternary blending of distilled Yang-Na (Dipterocarpus alatus) oil, waste cooking oil biodiesel, and petroleum diesel oil","authors":"Wuttichai Roschat ,&nbsp;Sunti Phewphong ,&nbsp;Sakorn Inthachai ,&nbsp;Kaewta Donpamee ,&nbsp;Nantakon Phudeetip ,&nbsp;Tappagorn Leelatam ,&nbsp;Preecha Moonsin ,&nbsp;Somporn Katekaew ,&nbsp;Krittiyanee Namwongsa ,&nbsp;Boonyawan Yoosuk ,&nbsp;Pathompong Janetaisong ,&nbsp;Vinich Promarak","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2024.100540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2024.100540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study reports a highly efficient and cost-effective liquid biofuel for agricultural diesel engines by a ternary blending of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel, distilled Yang-Na oil, and petroleum diesel oil. Biodiesel oil from WCO synthesized by NaOH-catalyzed pilot plant-scale solar reactor exhibited fuel properties that met ASTM-D6751 and EN-14214 standards. Crude Yang-Na was distilled at 280 ^oC to obtain distilled Yang-Na oil with major components of α-Gujernene (63.07 wt.%), α-Caryophyllene (19.08 wt.%), γ-Gujernene (5.16 wt.%), and γ-Elemene (5.23 wt.%), along with 7.46 wt.% of other hydrocarbon compounds. The ternary blendings of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel, distilled Yang-Na oil, and petroleum diesel oil were formulated (50:30:20 and 50:25:25) and their physicochemical properties were evaluated and compared with a commercial B10 petroleum diesel oil. The formulated liquid biofuels met standards and closely resembled petroleum diesel with a viscosity of 3.86 cSt, density value of 876 kg m^-3, and heating values of 9991 kcal/kg. The performance testing of the blended fuels in a small agricultural diesel engine showed the efficiency levels matched with a commercial B10 petroleum diesel oil and outperformed individual biodiesel and distilled Yang-Na oil. Variances in Brake Power and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption were &lt;1% with low emissions of CO₂, CO, HC, and NO_x, while Engine Torque and biofuel consumption during cultivation showed differences of 3.42% and 2.54%, respectively. Accordingly, the obtained blended fuel is a promising option for community resource utilization, offering an alternative energy source for future communities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424000048/pdfft?md5=42ef3aea3f7e569595e30747509916a3&pid=1-s2.0-S1755008424000048-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139436036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of the distribution network by connecting solar and wind DGs","authors":"Simarla Vijender Reddy,&nbsp;M. Manjula","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2024.100539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2024.100539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The operation of the distribution network (DN) is difficult due to the voltage stability when connecting multiple distributed generations. This paper explains the performance of a distribution network by connecting solar and wind Distributed Generation (DG). The distribution network is stable when the voltages are within the boundary limits. The voltage boundary limits are 0.95&lt; 1 &lt; 1.05 per unit. The voltages and power loss of the IEEE-85 and 25 bus radial distribution networks are evaluated by connecting Solar Distributed Generation (SDG) with variable power supply due to changes in the irradiation of solar panels. The voltages and power loss of the IEEE-85 bus distribution network are evaluated by connecting Wind-Distributed Generation (WDG) with variable power supply due to wind speed changes, and voltages and power loss are evaluated with load changes in the presence of WDG. By connecting both solar and wind-distributed generations, the voltages and power loss of the IEEE-85 bus DN are evaluated. The Multi-Objective Slime Mould Algorithm (MOSMA) is used to connect solar and wind DGs at optimal locations and sizes in the DN. The MOSMA has been applied to the IEEE-85 bus and 25 bus DN in MATLAB.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424000036/pdfft?md5=c76a565e851d0b6885451256bfd51c48&pid=1-s2.0-S1755008424000036-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139436049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing the Challenge of Climate Change: The Role of Microgrids in Fostering a Sustainable Future - A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Izhar Us Salam,&nbsp;Muhammad Yousif,&nbsp;Muhammad Numan,&nbsp;Moatasim Billah","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2024.100538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ref.2024.100538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Access to affordable, reliable, and clean electricity is crucial for fostering economic, social, and sustainable development. However, the conventional power system is grappling with numerous challenges, with climate change standing out as a major concern due to its substantial carbon footprint. The impacts of climate change on the conventional power system result in frequent blackouts, reduced network efficiency, and damage to power infrastructure. To address this pressing issue, power utility companies must enhance their existing power infrastructure and embrace alternative energy sources with lower carbon footprints. This proactive approach will help in combating the challenges posed by climate change in the energy sector, enhancing power system’s resiliency and ensuring a consistent and reliable power supply to consumers. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the climate change challenge and explores the pivotal role microgrids can play in both adaptation and mitigation strategies. The study delves into the key characteristics of microgrids and their positive impact on the environment and society. Moreover, it addresses the development and installation challenges that microgrids may encounter, necessitating a thorough understanding before fully realizing their potential. The article presents a pathway for the future development of sustainable microgrids, offering a promising solution in the fight against climate change. By leveraging microgrid technology, we can move towards a more sustainable energy future, empowering communities and industries with reliable and environmentally friendly electricity infrastructure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008424000024/pdfft?md5=26e0813e5bc5bb185c8a7aa4e2078465&pid=1-s2.0-S1755008424000024-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139455755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved islanded microgrid performance with sliding mode controller based electric spring","authors":"Soumya Mohanty,&nbsp;Swagat Pati,&nbsp;Sanjeeb Kumar Kar","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this research manuscript, an innovative solution is proposed to address intermittency challenges in self-excited induction generator-based islanded microgrids. The approach makes the use of an electric spring to maintain a constant voltage across critical loads. For simplifying the design and reduce the need for additional storage devices, and lower costs, a novel voltage source-based electric spring concept is introduced, complete with a comprehensive modelling approach specifically tailored for microgrid applications. Furthermore, a first-order sliding mode controller is suggested to enhance voltage and frequency regulation, stability, and overall system efficiency. This control strategy is designed to linearize voltage errors and provide swift responses under varying steady-state and transient conditions. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, the model is compared against the widely used quadrature voltage injection scheme under different load and torque conditions. Moreover, the system exhibits a rapid settling time, typically requiring only one to two cycles to stabilize. This underscores the robustness and stability of the controller. The validation of this work is carried out in real-time using an OPAL-RT 4510 and MATLAB/Simulink platform.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175500842300131X/pdfft?md5=a34465c73f7a2af2e7f796747196a816&pid=1-s2.0-S175500842300131X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139395012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified direct torque control algorithm for regeneration capability of IM driven electric vehicle by using hybrid energy storage system","authors":"Harshita Tiwari ,&nbsp;Arnab Ghosh ,&nbsp;Chiranjit Sain ,&nbsp;Furkan Ahmad ,&nbsp;Luluwah Al-Fagih","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The direct torque control (DTC) algorithm of a 3-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) has been implemented to drive induction motor (IM) for EV applications. However, the conventional DTC for IM is distressed due to large torque ripple, high current total harmonic distortion, and variable switching frequency. So, in this manuscript, a modified direct torque control (MDTC) algorithm is proposed to tackle the said challenges. A three-level hysteresis controller is proposed in modified DTC to optimize the duty ratio of the fundamental voltage vector to minimize the error between the reference and final voltage vector imposed on IM terminals. To improve the efficiency of the EVs by developing a system that uses the energy produced during regenerative braking. The proposed method recovers electric energy produced by the EV without using any additional power converter. The switching patterns allow power flow in both directions. Later, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is integrated to supply and store the energy in an optimal way. Extensive studies have been performed to show the efficacy of the proposed MDTC technique in IM based EV application with HESS. The key findings indicate that the proposed MDTC provides better dynamic and steady-state performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008423001308/pdfft?md5=71eb6337696044affb82d4e31d5cf49c&pid=1-s2.0-S1755008423001308-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139394015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection of optimal structure of an energy-supply system for objects in an agro-industrial complex based on renewable-energy sources","authors":"Seitkazy Keshuov ,&nbsp;Nurgul Moldybayeva","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study considers the issues in constructing optimal systems for autonomous energy supply to objects in an agro-industrial complex using renewable-energy sources (RESs). The regularities of distribution of the zones for optimal use of solar, wind, hydraulic, and integrated power plants are revealed by comparing their operational and economic indicators. To determine the zones of optimal use of various RESs types, a systematic approach is employed, which allows conducting a comprehensive analysis of the object, strictly systematizing of research, and performing synthesis, i.e., finding the optimal system under given conditions. The level of functional and structural perfection of the systems is considered by evaluating their internal characteristics through a functional and structural approach using structural, functional, and functional–structural descriptions of the systems where each system generates the corresponding model types. Synthesis of the optimal structure of a renewable energy supply system (RESs) is carried out based on the operating conditions and consumer power consumption according to an “efficiency–cost” criterion, an integral-quality indicator, a complex efficiency criterion, and private indicators of the quality and cost of the systems. An algorithm and a calculation program are developed that allows determining the optimal structure of autonomous RESs under specific cases and restrictions. The developed recommendations on the choice of an optimal system for autonomous power supply using RESs under Kazakhstan conditions provide practical importance because they can potentially minimize errors in the choice of RESs types during the design stage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008423001291/pdfft?md5=a4a8bd0a42ac06c0f9d291d5931eaec5&pid=1-s2.0-S1755008423001291-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139193288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pico scale undershot waterwheel for ultra-low-head: Analytical, experimental and CFD method","authors":"Dendy Adanta ,&nbsp;Dewi Puspita Sari ,&nbsp;Imam Syofii ,&nbsp;Kaprawi Sahim ,&nbsp;Erie Martides ,&nbsp;Yadi Radiansah ,&nbsp;Dalmasius Ganjar Subagio ,&nbsp;Yusuf Suryo Utomo ,&nbsp;Oo Abdul Rosyid ,&nbsp;Ahmad Fudholi","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.100532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the 19th and early 20th century, the utilization and development of the undershot waterwheel (USWW) was massif. USWW represents a global warming and crisis electricity solution issue for the world. However, the best condition and design of USWW are still incomplete; previous research is based on assumptions. Hence, this work aims to theoretically estimate the power loss (head loss, leakage loss, and friction loss) occurring in USWW to predict the relation between the blade number and optimum operation. The investigation employs analytical and CFD methods, then validated with experimental data. Then, based on root mean square error (RMSE) analysis, the average RMSE of analytical results to experimental data was 9.02%, and of CFD data was 9.07%. Then, depict the blade number and optimum operation relation to USWW performance expressing using multiple quadratic polynomial regression. The empirical law identifies the 16-blades, and the working operation of 0.5 is USWW maximum performance in ultra-low-head.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175500842300128X/pdfft?md5=82d45b3901e9465c6dfb202ec4126205&pid=1-s2.0-S175500842300128X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139090120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing a Digital Twin-based fault detection and diagnosis approach for optimal operation and maintenance of urban distributed solar photovoltaics","authors":"Samir Idrissi Kaitouni ,&nbsp;Ibtihal Ait Abdelmoula ,&nbsp;Niima Es-sakali ,&nbsp;Mohamed Oualid Mghazli ,&nbsp;Houda Er-retby ,&nbsp;Zineb Zoubir ,&nbsp;Fouad El Mansouri ,&nbsp;Mohammed Ahachad ,&nbsp;Jamal Brigui","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the next decades, solar energy power generation is anticipated to gain popularity because of the current energy and climate problems and ultimately become a crucial part of urban infrastructure. Furthermore, in order to facilitate the rapid deployment of solar production in sustainable cities, solar technologies must be digitalized and smart. This will increase their reliability and ensure their optimal performance. This work fits into this perspective and focuses on the effectiveness of processing data using the Digital Twin (DT) framework as a state-of-art information technology for urban distributed solar PV systems. Accordingly, the present paper deals with the DT of five Building-added Photovoltaic (BAPV) systems installed at the solar village in Benguerir city, Morocco. The 3D models were generated in the Rhinoceros platform, the solar AC electrical production of each photovoltaic system is calculated by the ladybug-plugin-integrated statistical model, within the grasshopper environment. Additionally, data assessment and visualization are processed through Python. Then, a hybrid model-based and data-driven fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) approach is proposed to identify and isolate anomalies for decentralized solar PV systems at the urban scale using monitoring and inspection techniques, namely Remote Sensors (RS) and real-time solar production monitoring system. The application of the DT concept for complex dynamic systems has shown its effectiveness in ensuring optimal operating conditions for the energy systems by measuring the spatiotemporal energy performance of distributed solar PV systems at an urban scale, evolving with the changing environment, and identifying degradation based on anomalies occurrence; Only then when the physical models need to be amended. Therefore, the main goal behind this work is to advance knowledge regarding research on condition monitoring of solar systems in cities while considering issues related to anomalies like the degradation phenomenon in PV modules over time. The findings of this study have proved that the state of health and monitoring of PV systems could be successfully detected and efficiently monitored using the combination of real time monitoring and remote aerial sensing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008423001266/pdfft?md5=028bf337c6d17c61eba8a8c8dc6a787c&pid=1-s2.0-S1755008423001266-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139023714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic energy management of a multi-microgrid system with battery/ supercapacitor energy storages considering demand response and transactive energy","authors":"S.R. Seyednouri ,&nbsp;A. Safari ,&nbsp;A. Quteishat ,&nbsp;M.A. Younis ,&nbsp;J. Salehi ,&nbsp;S. Najafi ,&nbsp;N. Taghizadegan","doi":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ref.2023.100531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper proposes stochastic energy management for an electrical system consisting of a multi-microgrid and a distribution company (DISCO). The objective function aims at finding an optimal day-ahead energy schedule of dispatchable resources, energy storages, and demand response in the presence of intermittent renewable energy sources. Two different energy storage devices, i.e., battery and supercapacitor (SC), are modeled in the system to provide both high power and energy density. Wind speed, solar irradiation, and electrical demand uncertainties have been modeled using probability density functions of uncertain parameters, and the number of scenarios has been decreased using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) based scenario reduction with a novel characteristic. In the proposed model, the DISCO, as a leader, attempts to maximize its profit while the microgrids (MGs), as followers, tend to minimize their operational costs. Karush-Kuhn-Tucker, strong duality, and Fortuny-Amat transformation are used to convert the non-linear bi-level problem into a linear single-level problem. The proposed model was tested on a hypothetical distribution system and the results showed the efficiency of the model in reducing operational costs of MGs by 7.5%, increasing the DISCO profit by 6.9%, and improving the reliability of the system by reducing the energy not supplied.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29780,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy Focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008423001278/pdfft?md5=bfb10669863617cbefbe234e8f1283be&pid=1-s2.0-S1755008423001278-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139016836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}