Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Corynocarpus laevigatus extract as a green corrosion retardant for mild steel in acidic media: A combined gravimetric, gasometric and electrochemical methods","authors":"Anthony I. Obike ,&nbsp;K.S. Eze ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Abdel-Rahman ,&nbsp;Alexander I. Ikeuba ,&nbsp;Izuchukwu K. Nwokolo ,&nbsp;Christopher Aghalibe","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The corrosion inhibition by the methanolic extract of <em>Corynocarpus laevigatus</em> leaves on mild steel within acidic environments was evaluated utilizing gravimetric, gasometric, and electrochemical methodologies. The findings indicate that the extracts serve as an effective corrosion inhibitor in both H₂SO₄ and HCl aqueous solutions. The extract exhibited optimum inhibition efficiencies of 88.64 %, 71.12 %, and 77.60 % in H₂SO₄, and 88.89 %, 67.96 %, and 85.55 % in HCl, respectively. The inhibition efficiency increased with higher extract concentrations but decreased with increasing temperature and exposure time in both media. Also, the rate of hydrogen evolution increased with rising temperature in both media. Adsorption studies revealed that the inhibitor's average activation energy (<em>Ea</em>) values were 71.23 kJ/mol and 137.59 kJ/mol for H₂SO₄ and HCl media, respectively. The extract followed the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption of the phytochemical components onto the mild steel surface. Physical adsorption was dominant in H₂SO₄, as evidenced by decreasing activation energy (<em>Ea</em>) values with increasing temperature. In contrast, chemical adsorption was observed in HCl. The strong adsorption of phytochemicals present in the extract onto the steel surface was identified as the primary mechanism for corrosion inhibition. This study provides valuable insights into the dual adsorption mechanisms of <em>Corynocarpus laevigatus</em> in different acidic media which underscores its potential as a sustainable and effective corrosion inhibitor in acidic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational and experimental evaluation of the corrosion inhibition of magnesium in the presence of acids/Esters in saline solutions","authors":"Alexander I. Ikeuba ,&nbsp;Lubem Aondoakaa ,&nbsp;William Azogor ,&nbsp;Chigoziri C. Njoku ,&nbsp;Brian E. Usibe ,&nbsp;Obinna Echem","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Some additive compounds that have been noted to boost the performance of Mg batteries are herein investigated for their corrosion inhibition properties and mechanism of action on the Mg surface. Experimentally, hydrogen evolution tests were carried out in the presence and absence of the additives while molecular level computations were carried out using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) to evaluate the adsorption of the additives. These compounds include; analine, histidine, lysine, proline, and arginine, 1,3 2,4 dibenzylidene-sorbitol (DBS), hydroxyacetic acid, ethanedioate, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTAN) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The additives inhibited the corrosion of Mg at different temperatures and additive concentrations. The compounds showed varying inhibition efficiencies at different concentrations of the additives, however at a concentration of 0.1 mg/L of the additives at 303 K, the trend of the inhibition efficiency is Glyocolate &gt; EDTA &gt; NTAN &gt; DBS &gt; Alanine &gt; Histidine &gt; Lysine &gt; Oxalate &gt; Proline &gt; Arginine. The adsorption of the inhibitors were consistent with the langmuir adsorption isotherm and the values of Gibbs free energy of adsorption calculated indicates that the additives are physisorbed on the metal surface. The activation energy in the presence of the additives was higher than that of the blank solution suggesting an increase in the energy barrier needed to drive the corrosion process in the presence of the inhibitors. The Heat of adsorption values were negative and indicate that the adsorption process is exothermic. DFT calculations on the additives indicate that the molecular composition and bi polar nature of the amino acids have a pronounced effect on their adsorption characteristics in addition to the functional groups present. The molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the organic molecules all interact with the metal surface which was the driving force of the adsorption of the compounds on the metal surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemistry and antimicrobial potential of off-grade white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oils extracted using microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD)","authors":"Sarifah Nurjanah ,&nbsp;Sekar Widyaningrum ,&nbsp;Bambang Nurhadi ,&nbsp;S. Rosalinda ,&nbsp;Rienoviar ,&nbsp;Nandang Permadi ,&nbsp;Euis Julaeha","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>White pepper generally used as spice, has the main component of piperine which gives it a spicy taste and essential oils that determine its aroma. In general trade, only good pepper is traded, while off-grade that does not meet quality requirements will be wasted. This study aims to investigate the effect of extraction methods of essential oils from off-grade white pepper and the potential of its antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that off-grade white pepper essential oils (WPEO) could be isolated by using microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) and hydro-distillation (HD). Essential oils produced had physicochemical characteristics in accordance with the ISO 3061:2008 standard. Specifically, MAHD off-grade, MAHD grade-A, and HD WPEO had 13, 11, and 15 components, respectively. The chemical composition showed that all the extracted EO contained the main components of caryophyllene, (+)-3-carene, <span>d</span>-limonene, and β-pinene. The methods showed the extraction ability of monoterpene hydrocarbons by MAHD and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons by HD. In comparison, microwave-extracted essential oils had a higher limonene, while off-grade WPEO contained (+)-3-carene. The FTIR results confirmed the content of the components in the three WPEO that were investigated. All essential oils had antibacterial activity against E. coli and <em>S. typhimurium</em> with zone inhibition values of MAHD off-grade WPEO, MAHD grade-A WPEO, and HD off-grade WPEO against E. coli at 15.44 ± 1.68 mm, 6.72 ± 0.59 mm, and 10.17 ± 0.29 mm, as well as against <em>S. typhimurium</em> at 8.72 ± 1.25 mm, 8.06 ± 0.86 mm, and 8.83 ± 0.87 mm, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of cosmetic bioactive compounds from cocoa bean shell using polyol-based microwave-assisted extraction: Cytotoxicity, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-melanogenesis properties","authors":"Sasakorn Pattanakitjaroenchai ,&nbsp;Puthita Pitsawong ,&nbsp;Nuntawat Khat-Udomkiri","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cocoa bean shells, a major byproduct of the cocoa industry, hold significant potential for value-added applications, particularly in cosmetics. The aim of this study was to develop a sustainable, eco-friendly extraction process for bioactive compounds with skin-whitening properties using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and polyol-based solvents, a novel approach in cocoa bean shell valorization. Polyols, such as propylene glycol (PG), were compared to ethanol (EtOH) for their efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds. The influence of polyol type, polyol concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, temperature, and extraction time on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was systematically evaluated. This study demonstrated that PG, at optimal conditions (60 % w/v, 1:50 solid-to-liquid ratio, 100 °C, 30-min extraction), significantly enhanced TPC (59.57 ± 1.33 mg GAE/g sample), TFC (242.24 ± 2.95 mg QE/g sample), and tyrosinase inhibition (4.75 ± 0.35 mg KAE/g sample) compared to EtOH. LC-QQQ analysis identified quercetin, catechin, and trigonelline as key contributors to tyrosinase inhibition and melanin content reduction, with PG extracts demonstrating superior functional activity despite similar quercetin levels in both solvents. Comparative cytotoxicity, anti-melanogenic assays, and cellular tyrosinase inhibition further confirmed the enhanced safety and efficacy of PG extracts over conventional ethanol extracts, positioning them as a novel green solvent system for developing effective skin-whitening active ingredients in cosmetic formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective flotation of silicates from phosphates using Tetrabutyl Ammonium Chloride as a green collector","authors":"Ashraf Alsafasfeh","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces Tetrabutyl Ammonium Chloride (TBAC) as a novel selective collector for silicates in the reverse flotation of apatite-quartz model sample. Zeta potential measurements, contact angle analysis, FTIR, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to investigate reagent adsorption at mineral-water interfaces. FTIR analysis revealed the appearance of new peaks corresponding to C–H and C–N stretching in TBAC-treated quartz, but not in apatite, indicating TBAC's preferential adsorption on quartz surfaces. XPS analysis further supported FTIR results; a distinct N 1s peak at 401.5 eV was observed on TBAC-treated quartz, while no such peak appeared on apatite, confirming the absence of significant interaction. Zeta potential measurements showed a larger shift in surface charge for quartz than for apatite after TBAC treatment, particularly at higher pH levels, with a notable shift of +16.28 mV at pH 11 for quartz, compared to only +0.4 mV for apatite. Contact angle measurements also demonstrated that TBAC significantly increased quartz hydrophobicity—reaching values above 115°—while apatite showed minimal change. Flotation tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of TBAC as collector for apatite and quartz. In single mineral flotation, the highest quartz recovery (97 %) was achieved at pH 11 with a TBAC dosage of 150 g/ton while the apatite recovery was reduced to 31.6 %. The binary-mineral system showed a higher recovery of apatite with a commercial quartz collector at 52.4 %, compared to just 25.3 % when TBAC was used. Comparative tests with a conventional DA collector revealed that apatite recovery was significantly higher with DA (52.4 %) than with TBAC (25.3 %), emphasizing TBAC's limited interaction with phosphate minerals and its potential utility for silicate removal in reverse flotation processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of activated carbon derived from tea twigs for carbon dioxide adsorption","authors":"Ary Mauliva Hada Putri ,&nbsp;Benni F. Ramadhoni ,&nbsp;Muhammad Said Hamdani Radias ,&nbsp;Fatimah Azizah Riyadi ,&nbsp;Md Zahangir Alam ,&nbsp;Yuswan Muharam","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2024.100440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2024.100440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Activated carbon from agro-industrial waste, namely tea twigs derived from the processing of <em>Camellia Sinensis</em> branches, using a potassium hydroxide activator for CO₂ adsorption has been conducted in this study. Various carbonization temperatures (400⁰C and 500⁰C) and heating times of 1 h and 3 h were used in this study. The concentration of potassium hydroxide (40 % and 60 %) and the ratios of activator solutions to carbon precursor made from pyrolysis of tea twigs (2:1 and 4:1) were varied for the chemical activation process. The effectiveness results of the obtained activated carbon were characterized through using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyzer and Temperature Programme Desorption-CO₂ to determine the surface area and capacity maximum of CO₂ adsorption. The optimum condition for the synthesis of activated carbon that produces high surface area was obtained at sample CCS 400/1 A₂B₁ where biochar carbonized at temperature of 400 °C kept for 1 h with a ratio of activator solution and precursor 4:1 using KOH concentration of 40 %. The highest surface area was obtained 1403 m² g⁻¹ with pore volume 0.9 m² g⁻¹ and pore size 1.11 nm and proved the presence of microporous areas in produced activated carbon. The maximum CO₂ adsorption capacity obtained in this study was 5.1573 mmol g⁻¹. This result could be related to the higher amount of microporous present in the activated carbon that facilitates the access of CO₂ to the active sites at the pores of activated carbon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring zeolites for enhanced post-combustion CO2 capture: A critical review","authors":"Ali H. Whaieb ,&nbsp;Farah T. Jasim ,&nbsp;Amer A. Abdulrahman ,&nbsp;Idres M. Khuder ,&nbsp;Saba A. Gheni ,&nbsp;Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah ,&nbsp;Nalan Turkoz Karakullukcu","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fossil combustion mainly contributes to global warming and increases atmospheric CO₂ levels, an essential greenhouse gas and environmental risk. The atmospheric CO₂ level increased, emphasizing the necessity to restrict the emission while maintaining it out of the carbon cycle. Various porous adsorbents were created as CO₂ capture sorbents, but they have been just moderately successful and require upgrading with more efficient porous adsorbents to address global climate issues caused by CO₂. Due to their tunable pore sizes, high chemical stability, superior adsorption selectivity, and large surface area, zeolite-based adsorbents are considered promising materials for CO₂ capture. Their framework structures allow for molecular sieving, ion exchange, and surface modifications, further enhancing their adsorption efficiency and regeneration capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable extraction of bioproducts from cactus pear waste: Economic viability and market opportunities in a green economy","authors":"Giuseppe Timpanaro,&nbsp;Vera Teresa Foti","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the economic viability of extracting bioproducts from discarded cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) waste in Sicily, where the cactus pear industry is well-established. The focus is on employing green extraction technologies, such as microwave-assisted methods, to produce valuable compounds like seed oil, pectin, and bioactive substances for use in the cosmetic, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. The results demonstrate that increasing the scale of production from 200 to 400 tons significantly enhances the financial performance of the operation, reducing the payback period from 6.5 to 4 years and yielding positive Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) values, reaching up to 35.7 %. However, challenges such as the seasonality of raw material availability and the high energy requirements of green technologies are noted. These findings suggest that while the project is economically feasible, managing supply chain variability and optimising energy consumption are critical for long-term sustainability. Additionally, the increasing consumer demand for sustainable and functional products provides a strong market opportunity for these bioproducts, though competition from international players leveraging economies of scale could pose a threat. This study highlights the importance of integrating green technologies in bioeconomy projects and offers insights for policymakers and industry leaders. Policymakers can support these initiatives through incentives and regulations, while businesses in the cosmetic and nutraceutical sectors may find competitive advantages in the quality and sustainability of these bioproducts. Further research should explore alternative biomass sources and innovations in extraction efficiency to ensure continuous production and cost reductions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absorbance study on the adsorptive removal of Fe(III) ions using activated carbon from coconut shells","authors":"Otong Nurhilal ,&nbsp;Adam Bagaskara ,&nbsp;Aufa Haritsah Sihite ,&nbsp;Sahrul Hidayat ,&nbsp;Setianto Setianto","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the adsorption kinetics and capacity of Fe(III) ions from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon synthesized from coconut shells. The carbonization process was conducted at 700 °C for 1 h, followed by activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) as the activating agent. The resulting activated carbon was characterized using nitrogen adsorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The absorbance of Fe(III) solutions was quantitatively analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Activated carbon derived from coconut shells was employed as an adsorbent for Fe(III) Nitrate solutions. The study systematically investigated several parameters influencing the adsorption process, including initial ion concentration, contact time, and varying weights of activated carbon. Characterization results indicated a specific surface area of 490.29 m²/g, with a predominately amorphous aromatic carbon structure and a carbon content of approximately 86.41 % by weight. The maximum adsorption capacity for Fe(III) Nitrate was observed to be 60.95 mg/g for a carbon weight of 0.005 g and 50.95 mg/g for a carbon weight of 0.01 g. Notably, the highest removal efficiency reached 83.81 % with an activated carbon weight of 0.5 g.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micellar media","authors":"Farzaneh Mohamadpour","doi":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is used as a catalyst in a green process to produce pyrano[2,3-<em>d</em>]pyrimidine scaffolds using green chemistry techniques. This is achieved by employing an aqueous micellar medium to combine barbituric acid/1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, malononitrile, and aryl aldehydes in an environmentally friendly manner at 50 °C. This environmentally friendly process is associated with a one-pot, easy accessibility, affordable reaction media, safe reaction conditions, no need for column chromatography for separation, and effective resource use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":296,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}