{"title":"NADA: A Unified Congestion Control Scheme for Low-Latency Interactive Video","authors":"Xiaoqing Zhu, Rong Pan","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691448","url":null,"abstract":"Low-latency, interactive media applications (e.g., video conferencing) present a unique set of challenges for congestion control. Unlike TCP, the transport mechanism for interactive media needs to adapt fast to abrupt changes in available bandwidth, accommodate sluggish responses and output rate fluctuations of a live video encoder, and avoid high queuing delay over the network. An ideal scheme should also make effective use of all types of congestion signals from the network, including packet losses, queuing delay, and explicit congestion notification (ECN) markings. This paper presents a unified approach for congestion control of interactive video: network-assisted dynamic adaptation (NADA). In NADA, the sender regulates its sending rate based on a composite congestion signal calculated and reported by the receiver, which combines both implicit (e.g., loss and delay) and explicit (e.g., ECN marking) congestion indications from the network. Via a consistent set of sender adaptation rules, the scheme can reap the full benefits of proactive, explicit congestion notifications supported by advanced queue management schemes. It remains equally responsive in the absence of such notifications. Extensive simulation studies show that NADA interact well with a wide variety of queue management schemes: conventional drop-tail, random early detection (RED), recently proposed CoDel (controlled delay) and PIE (Proportional Integral controller Enhanced), as well as a token-bucket-based random marking scheme based on Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN). Furthermore, NADA reacts fast to changes over the network, allows for weighted bandwidth sharing among multiple competing video streams, and sustains a substantial share of bottleneck bandwidth when coexisting with TCP.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129136343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On Adaptive HTTP Streaming to Mobile Devices","authors":"Guibin Tian, Yong Liu","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691450","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptive Streaming over HTTP is a new video streaming technique that starts to boom in recent years. Meanwhile, mobile devices are quickly becoming the main platform for streaming services. Adaptive streaming to mobile devices faces additional challenges of high TCP throughput variability and limited battery supply. In this paper, we address those challenges and develop a video adaptation algorithm driven by buffered video time, TCP throughput history, recent video rates, and battery level. Our algorithm smoothly adapts the target video rate to the available network bandwidth and the remaining battery level, while maximally avoiding playback freezes. We implement the proposed algorithm into a fully-functional mobile DASH system and evaluate its performance through extensive experiments over WiFi and 3G connections. We demonstrate that our mobile DASH designs are highly efficient and robust in realistic network environments.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129173710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiangtao Wen, Bohan Li, Shunyao Li, Yao Lu, Pin Tao
{"title":"Cross Segment Decoding of HEVC for Network Video Applications","authors":"Jiangtao Wen, Bohan Li, Shunyao Li, Yao Lu, Pin Tao","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691440","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present an improved algorithm for decoding video bitstreams with time-varying visual quality. The algorithm extracts information available to the decoder from a high visual quality segment of the clip that has already been received and decoded, but was encoded independently from the current lower quality segment. The proposed decoder is capable of significantly improving the Quality of Experience of the user without incurring significant delays and overhead to the storage and computational complexities of both the encoder and the decoder, or loss of coding efficiency. We present simulation results using the HEVC reference encoder and standard test clips, and discuss areas of improvements to the algorithm.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132085945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding the Dynamic Behaviour of the Google Congestion Control for RTCWeb","authors":"L. D. Cicco, G. Carlucci, S. Mascolo","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691458","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time communication over the Internet is of ever increasing importance due the diffusion of portable devices, such as smart phones or tablets, with enough processing capacity to support video conferencing applications. The RTCWeb working group has been established with the goal of standardizing a set of protocols for inter-operable real-time communication among Web browsers. In this paper we focus on the Google Congestion Control (GCC), recently proposed in such WG, which is based on a loss-based algorithm run at the sender and a delay-based algorithm executed at the receiver. In a recent work we have shown that a TCP flow can starve a GCC flow. In this work we show that this issue is due to a threshold mechanism employed by the delay-based controller. By carrying out an extensive experimental evaluation in a controlled testbed, we have found that, when the threshold is small, the delay-based algorithm prevails over the loss-based algorithm, which contains queuing delays and losses. However, a small threshold may lead to starvation of the GCC flow when sharing the bottleneck with a loss-based TCP flow.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125075801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Receive-Side Real-Time Congestion Control for WebRTC","authors":"Varun Singh, A. Lozano, J. Ott","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691454","url":null,"abstract":"In the forthcoming deployments of WebRTC systems, we speculate that high quality video conferencing will see wide adoption. It is currently being deployed on Google Chrome and Firefox web-browsers, meanwhile desktop and mobile clients are under development. Without a standardized signaling mechanism, service providers can enable various types of topologies; ranging from full-mesh to centralized video conferencing and everything in between. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of various topologies using endpoints implementing WebRTC. We specifically evaluate the performance of the congestion control currently implemented and deployed in these web-browser, Receive-side Real-Time Congestion Control (RRTCC). We use transport impairments like varying throughput, loss and delay, and varying amounts of cross-traffic to measure the performance. Our results show that RRTCC is performant when by itself, but starves when competing with TCP. When competing with selfsimilar media streams, the late-arriving flow temporarily starves the existing media flows.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121230054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Damien Schroeder, A. E. Essaili, E. Steinbach, D. Staehle, Mohammed Shehada
{"title":"Low-Complexity No-Reference PSNR Estimation for H.264/AVC Encoded Video","authors":"Damien Schroeder, A. E. Essaili, E. Steinbach, D. Staehle, Mohammed Shehada","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691445","url":null,"abstract":"We present a no-reference (NR) PSNR estimation method which is based on only two bitstream features (average bitrate and mean quantization parameter of the I-frames). The low computational complexity of the proposed method makes it suitable for in-network real-time applications. The NR metric achieves a Pearson correlation of 0.99 for individual videos and a RMSE of approximately 1 dB PSNR on average. We additionally investigate the effect of various encoding configurations on the PSNR and show the robustness of our method towards these. Finally, we incorporate the proposed metric into an example application and demonstrate that only a minor performance loss is observed compared to the reference scheme which assumes the availability of true PSNR information.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121277127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Varun Singh, Stephen McQuistin, Martin Ellis, C. Perkins
{"title":"Circuit Breakers for Multimedia Congestion Control","authors":"Varun Singh, Stephen McQuistin, Martin Ellis, C. Perkins","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691439","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time multimedia flows comprise a large, and increasing, fraction of the traffic on the Internet. An important subset of that traffic, primarily due to interactive applications, runs over UDP/IP, and requires applications to implement congestion control to ensure the stability of the network. The IETF is developing congestion control algorithms for such uses as part of the new WebRTC standards, but there is no standard algorithm that can be used at this time. We do not propose a congestion control algorithm. Rather, we propose a circuit breaker for RTP sessions that can detect when an application is causing excessive network congestion, and shut down the transmission. This can be used as an envelope within which congestion control algorithms can operate, providing a safety net to prevent congestion collapse. We present the RTP circuit breaker algorithm, and provide an initial performance evaluation to show that it performs as desired.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120989094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. D. Cicco, Vito Caldaralo, Vittorio Palmisano, S. Mascolo
{"title":"ELASTIC: A Client-Side Controller for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH)","authors":"L. D. Cicco, Vito Caldaralo, Vittorio Palmisano, S. Mascolo","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691442","url":null,"abstract":"Today, video distribution platforms use adaptive video streaming to deliver the maximum Quality of Experience to a wide range of devices connected to the Internet through different access networks. Among the techniques employed to implement video adaptivity, the stream-switching over HTTP is getting a wide acceptance due to its deployment and implementation simplicity. Recently it has been shown that the client-side algorithms proposed so far generate an on-off traffic pattern that may lead to unfairness and underutilization when many video flows share a bottleneck. In this paper we propose ELASTIC (fEedback Linearization Adaptive STreamIng Controller), a client-side controller designed using feedback control theory that does not generate an on-off traffic pattern. By employing a controlled testbed, allowing bandwidth capacity and delays to be set, we compare ELASTIC with other client-side controllers proposed in the literature. In particular, we have checked to what extent the considered algorithms are able to: 1) fully utilize the bottleneck, 2) fairly share the bottleneck, 3) obtain a fair share when TCP greedy flows share the bottleneck with video flows. The obtained results show that ELASTIC achieves a very high fairness and is able to get the fair share when coexisting with TCP greedy flows.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126286352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proactive Prioritized Mixing of Scalable Video Packets in Push-Based Network Coding Overlays","authors":"M. Sanna, E. Izquierdo","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691456","url":null,"abstract":"Network coding applied to end-system multicast is a viable solution for a multitude of issues related to on-demand video streaming. End-system multicast on network overlays is a desirable option for relieving the content server from bandwidth bottlenecks and computational load as well as allowing decentralized allocation of resources for terminals with different computational and display capabilities. Network coding has proven to be able to solve many issues related to content distribution and rate allocation on end-system overlays, one of them being the coupon-collection problems typical of P2P networks. In this paper we present a scalable video streaming system based on end-system multicast, where the network coding technique with push-based content distribution is extended to perform prioritized streaming with error and congestion control. We identify a problem of layer and rate selection due to the difficulty in estimating the max-flow in end-system overlays, which, with many previously proposed techniques, yields to bandwidth inefficiencies. We present a mechanism for selecting and encoding chunks of scalable video prior to forwarding, and a peer-selection technique, targeting increased efficiency with the available bandwidth, that also improves quality and continuity of service with better use of network rate. Simulated tests results are presented to prove the performance of our system.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"18 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134259883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fraida Fund, Cong Wang, Yong Liu, T. Korakis, M. Zink, S. Panwar
{"title":"Performance of DASH and WebRTC Video Services for Mobile Users","authors":"Fraida Fund, Cong Wang, Yong Liu, T. Korakis, M. Zink, S. Panwar","doi":"10.1109/PV.2013.6691455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PV.2013.6691455","url":null,"abstract":"With the confluence of the growing market for mobile Internet devices, and users' expectations of instant access to high-quality multimedia content, the delivery of video over wireless networks has become the challenge of the decade. Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) and WebRTC are new and evolving standards that have been developed specifically to meet this demand and enable a high-quality experience for mobile users of video on demand and real time communication services, respectively. However, there has been no systematic study of how these services are experienced by users in a realistic mobile setting. In this work, we describe measurements collected from DASH and WebRTC implementations while moving at walking speeds through an 802.16e WiMAX network. Using data from the application, network, and physical layers, in different wireless environments, we identify characteristics of the cellular data network that directly impact the quality of video service, and suggest areas for further improvement.","PeriodicalId":289244,"journal":{"name":"2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114283087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}