World Water Policy最新文献

{"title":"Assessing groundwater quality, health risks, and policy implications: A case study of West Medinipur District, West Bengal, India","authors":"Md Anjar Alam, D. Mailapalli, Basant Maheshwari","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12160","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is a vital freshwater resource for various uses, including drinking, irrigation, and industry needs. The increasing dependence of India on groundwater due to dwindling surface water sources and climate extremes has led to concerns about its availability and quality. This study focuses on the groundwater quality and associated human health risks in the West Medinipur district of West Bengal, India. The region, situated between the Kangsabati and Subarnarekha rivers, faces challenges from anthropogenic activities such as agricultural practices and industrial pollution. A comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters was conducted on well water samples collected during the monsoon and post‐monsoon periods. The study examined the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Water quality indices were calculated to assess its fitness for human consumption. Despite several parameters meeting the water quality standards, elevated iron (Fe) and ammonia (NH4+) levels were observed, potentially impacting groundwater use for drinking. Similarly, groundwater's suitability for irrigation was evaluated based on parameters like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium percentage (Na%). The groundwater types dominated by magnesium bicarbonate and the quality could affect soil structure and crop productivity in certain areas. The elevated levels of Fe and NH4+ showed potential human health risks, indicating the need to mitigate adverse effects on human well‐being through appropriate policy and other interventions. The study highlights the complexity of groundwater quality in the study area. It underscores the necessity for comprehensive water policy and management strategies to safeguard water resources and human health in rural India. The findings emphasize the importance of ongoing monitoring and intervention measures to ensure the sustainability and safety of groundwater for present and future generations.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139619713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluate the effectiveness of soil and water conservation interventions in the upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Alebachew Shumye Moges, Sisay Assefa Wondimagegn, Yitea Seneshaw Getahun","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12165","url":null,"abstract":"The central highland of Ethiopia is facing significant challenges due to land degradation, which resulted in changes to the soil's physicochemical properties. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of different conservation methods in enhancing soil physicochemical properties, reducing soil loss and erosion, and maximizing land productivity in Ankober District of Kenseta watershed. For this study, two land uses (conserved and non‐conserved land), three slope positions, and three replication with the soil depth of 0–30 cm were used for undisturbed and disturbed soil samples data collection and analysis. The survey data were collected and evaluated from 106 randomly selecting respondents' households. The results showed significant variation in the mean value of soil physical properties (bulk density, soil moisture content, soil texture) within and between conserved and non‐conserved land. The chemical properties, including pH, EC, exK, CEC, OC, OM, and available P, also changed significant across land management types and along slope position (p < 0.05). Soil managed with stone face soil bund demonstrated significant improvement in soil physicochemical properties. The results were statistically significant difference at (p < 0.05) level of significance. Majority of the respondents' households explained the soil loss and rate of soil erosion were declined and land productivity status increased after the adoption of soil and water conservation practices in the study area. Therefore, proper conservation practices are vital in minimizing the rate of soil loss, ameliorating physical and chemical properties of the soils, and enhancing land productivity.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139528491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollution challenges and consequences of the Akaki catchment, Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia: Evidence for policy reform and action","authors":"Bitew K. Dessie, Minbale Aschale, Endaweke Assegide, Tane Alamirew, Claire L. Walsh, G. Zeleke","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12169","url":null,"abstract":"This paper draws upon previous and current research on the levels of various pollutants in the Awash River Basin. The research used high‐tech instruments to determine the levels of physio‐chemical parameters, potentially toxic elements, and other pollutants in wastewater, sediment, soil, vegetables, and fish samples collected from different sampling sites in the Akaki catchment. The results showed that the average concentration for most of the analyzed parameters exceeded the recommended limits stated by drinking and irrigation water quality guidelines. The concentrations varied with the sites significantly with trends of localized contributions of the different contaminants associated with industrial, municipal, domestic, medical centers, garages, petrol stations, and other commercial centers evident. Concentrations of contaminants were remarkably high in the catchment rivers and shallow groundwater reservoirs. Comparison with permissible standards showed poor environmental management by relevant regulatory bodies and industries. Despite having good laws and standards at the federal and regional levels, they are not effectively implemented or enforced to prevent environmental pollution. Given the potential health implications of the toxic substances, we recommended a range of mitigation measures as a matter of urgency to the relevant authorities.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glass half empty or half full? Gender in integrated water resource management in South Asia","authors":"V. Narain, C. G. Goodrich","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12161","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the experience with gender mainstreaming in the water sector in South Asia. It analyzes the reasons for the limited impact of these efforts. These are located in the limited understanding and consequent operationalization of the concept of gender itself. Rather than equating the word gender with women, it needs to be understood to refer to the social and power differences between men and women and the differences within women. Gender needs to be approached in policy and practice through a lens of intersectionality. Reserving seats for women in local patriarchal structures of decision making does little to alter the status quo; securing women's participation in water management activities without altering power relations between water users and service providers only creates additional work burdens for them. The changing nature of water resources education in the region means that water problems shall be seen differently in the future and that there will be more women in this sector. There is a need to develop curricula based on ways of theorizing about gender and water in different agro‐ecological and institutional settings embedded in the unique context of South Asia.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139386700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sediment yield assessment and suggesting mitigation measures—A case study of Deme watershed, Omo‐Gibe Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Eyasu Tafese Mekuria, S. D. Derib, Eyosias Agalu Melesse","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12159","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is a big challenge of natural resource development in Ethiopia due to the high expansion of agricultural activity and poor land‐use management. Deme watershed is one of the watersheds found in the Omo‐Gibe Basin, Ethiopia with soil erosion problems. It covers 1284.4 km2. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) integrated with ArcGIS was used to assess the sediment yield of the Deme watershed and develop mitigation measures for soil erosion. The purpose of this study was to assess the sediment yield and provide mitigation measures for the Deme watershed. Ground Control Point (GCP) data collection and field observation were conducted for land‐use land cover classification. The performance of the model was evaluated by coefficient of determination (R2), Nash Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS). SWAT adequately reproduced the observed daily flows and sediment loads temporal evolution with R2 and NSE ≥ .7 and PBIAS < 15% both for the calibration and validation periods. The sediment‐rating curve measured an annual average suspended sediment yield of 12.79 tons per hectare per year, whereas the SWAT model predicted an annual average sediment yield of 14.35 tons per hectare per year. The spatial distribution map of sediment showed that 9 out of 17 sub‐watersheds generate a higher amount of sediment yield (15.1–45 tons/h/year) and are found to be erosion‐prone areas. For proper management of watershed terracing, filter strips, contouring, and reforestation scenarios were developed. Each scenario reduces the sediment yield by 74.29%, 58.34%, 47.78%, and 69.76%, respectively. The proper combination of these scenarios resulted in a 90% reduction in sediment yield. Policymakers and land‐use planners of different organization will benefit from this research by implementing soil and water conservation mechanisms and practices that strengthen and mitigate the natural systems of Deme watershed.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"78 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139386213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the media missing the point on the transnational American desalination pipe dream?","authors":"Brian F. O'Neill","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12162","url":null,"abstract":"The media plays a central role in the dissemination of information about globally significant, transboundary issues like world water policy and infrastructure projects. This discussion makes its point of departure on the topic of large‐scale seawater desalination (producing potable ocean water) in the American borderlands and Southwest region, an area that has recently been plagued by droughts, as well as being the subject of much reporting on the feasibility of expanding water infrastructure across the United States and Mexico. In particular, The New York Times has produced a series of stories on water scarcity in the state of Arizona and the “pipe dreams” of building a desalination plant in Mexico that would produce water to be pumped through a national monument, and into major Arizonan metropolitan areas like Phoenix and Tucson. This reportage has been useful in bringing water concerns amidst climate change to a broader audience, simultaneously challenging the well‐known American “growth machine” paradigm. However, when considering the recent scholarship from social scientists and water policy scholars, the media may be missing the point. In this transboundary region, when we consider existing evidence as well as the reports that have emerged in Arizona and Mexico, it becomes clear that water from desalination is a luxury good, and the industry continues to have a dubious political and economic track record when dealing with water providers, public and private. Therefore, more discussions of desalination in world water policy circles need to be asking who is served by desalination, as it increasingly represents a model of the overproduction of water in places that do not need it, therefore entrenching social inequality.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139390742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring soil elements for irrigation management using Internet of Things (IoT) sensors","authors":"Loubna Bouhachlaf, Oumayma Benslimane, Souad El Hajjaji","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12151","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Smart farming focuses on three crucial areas: soil quality, weather conditions, and crop health. Because of the significant impact of weather and irrigation factors, many smart farming solutions are tightly integrated with smart environment and smart water (pollution, turbidity, nutrients) systems for a holistic approach. The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing soil monitoring, giving farmers and growers the means to optimize yields, minimize disease risks, and rationalize resource use. Thanks to IoT sensors, it is possible to measure various parameters such as soil temperature, NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) levels, and soil moisture. The information collected by these IoT sensors is then transmitted to a central point or stored in the cloud server for in‐depth analysis, visual representation, and trend identification. The application of the IoT in agriculture is widely referred to as smart farming. The IoT is an essential pillar of precision agriculture, enabling more targeted and efficient management of resources. Smart sensor systems provide more information about water and crop water requirements. This information can be used to mechanically manage the water supply system and help farmers optimize their irrigation system. The information acquired by the first sensors is transferred to the cloud server. This article proposes and evaluates the concept of remote sensing systems. Three sites were selected to test the IoT system. At each site, five sensors were employed, specifically designed for soil and irrigation water analysis. The sensors dedicated to soil pH, moisture, and NPK demonstrated commendable accuracy; equally, the irrigation water pH and turbidity sensors exhibited notably precise measurements. The results were noteworthy, with an R 2 value surpassing 90% across all sensor measurements. These IoT sensors could facilitate effective crop monitoring without excessive expenditures and serve to safeguard groundwater from nutrient contamination.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"21 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of clogging of two types of emitters with similar properties","authors":"Hamza Ouarriche, Mohamed El Bouhali, Firdaouss Bouisfi, Abdelkhalek Bouziane, Ahmed Zouine, Redouane Assoudi, Mohamed Chaoui","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12145","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The benefits of drip irrigation are numerous and include water savings, control of fertilizer applications, and improved water and energy use efficiency of irrigation. In these systems, the emitter is the most vulnerable component to clogging, which in critical states can cause a reduction in performance and shorten the life of the distribution system. It can also have several impacts on water, its economy, and its wastage. In the absence of adequate filtration and when the flow is through the narrow labyrinth channel of the emitter, clogging can be created by continuous deposition of solid particles, organic matter, dissolved salts, chemical precipitates, bacteria, and other impurities. It is obvious that it is impossible to physically visualize the hydraulic behavior of the flowing water in the labyrinths. However, due to the increasing performance of computational tools and simulation software, it is possible to simulate this flow through Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ), which has become one of the main techniques for describing the flow and deposition of the solid phase inside the emitter. This study aims to numerically simulate the behavior and the flow of the fluid inside two emitters, widely used in the industry, with different types but approximately identical flow rates. The fluid takes in its flow an inert solid suspension of fixed concentration. One of the emitters is compensating‐pressure, and the other is non‐compensating‐pressure; the numerical simulation model used is the RNG κ‐ε two‐phase model. The results showed that the regions affected by clogging are mainly the corners of the labyrinth channel and the recirculation vortex zones. The trajectory field plot reveals that as the clogging increases, the serpentine fluid threads become thinner.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"270 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135320685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro irrigation in the era of technology: Innovation and digital transformation","authors":"Ragab Ragab, Nadine Depre","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12155","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation is one of the oldest practices since the early civilizations thousands of years ago. The earliest known systems of irrigation date back to 6000 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia, and the different ways to water the plants have been displayed on the walls of ancient temples and ruins. The early irrigation system was surface irrigation until the 19th century. Sprinkler irrigation first became a reality at the end of the 19th century when different designs of lawn sprinklers were invented by Joseph Lessler in New York in 1871, Philip Pratt of Massachusetts in 1872, and Charles Skinner in Ohio in 1894. Then Joseph H. Smith of Washington improved upon the lawn sprinkler by producing the first rotary-head lawn sprinkler in 1897. Technologies continued to improve until the mid-20th century when in 1948, Frank Zybach, an innovative Nebraska farmer, developed a new type of sprinkler system, the center pivot, patented in 1952. Shortly after, the drip irrigation system was invented in 1959 by Simcha Blass, a Polish-Israeli engineer with his son Yeshayahu. Micro-irrigation is a type of irrigation system that uses lower pressure, lower energy, and lower flow than the average irrigation systems. Micro-irrigation efficiency can exceed 90%. It can be used for any kind of plants in agriculture, horticulture, landscaping, and gardening. One can come across other terminology such as localized irrigation, low-volume irrigation, low-flow irrigation, or trickle irrigation, but they all mean the same thing, micro-irrigation. In micro irrigation, one can have a pressure regulator, which can minimize the pressure to the required level as well as have an automatic irrigation timer for switching to different areas and times of the day. They can also have soil moisture and rain shut-off sensors. Thus, the irrigation system can regulate itself on how much water to apply. Micro-irrigation is one step in the right direction to cope with the increasing impact of climate change, the limitation in water resources, the widening gap between water supply and demand, as well as food security for the increasing population. For those reasons, there is a need to start using a more controlled and precise irrigation system. Thus, micro-irrigation systems have become more and more popular recently. Those who attended this conference benefited from the experts' presentations, gained, and shared knowledge and information, networked with senior and junior practitioners, visited the local micro-irrigation sites, and enjoyed the breath-taking sceneries and the hospitality of Morocco. Due to the large numbers of manuscripts the authors' names are not presented in the Editorial, but they are acknowledged in the list of contents. Under topic 1: papers on the state-of-the-art of drip irrigation in Morocco, Spain, and India indicated that each of the three countries presented specific advances and challenges, and the recommendations for each country need to be adapted accordingly. However, gove","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"136 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136067421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro‐irrigation in Niger: The state of the art and the country's need","authors":"Issaka Ousman Gaoh Aboubacar","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12146","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract After its independence in 1960, following the droughts that occurred in particular that of 1973, 1984, and 2005, Niger promoted irrigation to feed its population through state‐led large‐scale projects. Over the years, structural problems, including the fast growing population and the effects of climate change and variability, have rendered the approach less efficient. The 2000s were marked by a change in approach that put producers at the heart. Thus, projects and programs have been initiated with the I3N initiative Nigeriens Feeding Nigeriens as a guiding strategy since 2011 to ensure sustainable agriculture and food security. Most of the projects aimed at the development of small‐scale irrigation through increased financing and new technologies to take advantage of the significant irrigable potential. Despite these efforts, the irrigation sector is yet to meet food security. This article assesses the situation of micro‐irrigation and identifies current needs. The methodology adopted consists of a review of official documentation on irrigation in Niger, data collected during agricultural fairs, such as the Sahel Niger 2020, and the 4th Edition of the Fair of Irrigation and Drainage (SAFID), combined with related literature. Results revealed the existence of an estimated irrigable land potential of 270,000 ha and 10,942,568 ha, depending on the groundwater depth. Drip technology is proving to be in full expansion, with growing interest from start‐ups and the private sector. Technological innovation is dominated by locally made and imported technologies, the emergence of digitalization, and remote irrigation. Currently, micro‐irrigation is a top priority among climate‐smart technologies, in addition to strengthening technologies for access to water resources, technical capacities of producers, particularly advisories, the strengthening of research, the popularization of micro‐irrigation technologies, access to financing and securing land tenure. Other needs persist in terms of strengthening science‐society‐policy interfaces and effective climate services for risk management.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"129 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136019709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}