World Water Policy最新文献

{"title":"Desalination of seawater in Morocco: Case study of Chtouka and Dakhla public‐private partnership projects","authors":"Rqia Bourziza, Salma Oudrhiri, Youssra Outmrhoust, Imane Mourjanou, Wafae El Khoumsi","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Situated between the southern Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert, Morocco has a semi‐arid climate characterized by low and irregular rainfall and a succession of dry years. With demographic and economic growth, the country's water needs are constantly increasing. The desalination of sea water is an option adopted by the government to cope with the drying up of water resources. A number of projects have been launched to secure the country's drinking water and irrigation needs. In this study, the contributions of the public‐private partnership (PPP) set‐up are assessed from the institutional, financial, technical, and management points of view, as well as the contribution of this set‐up to the success of major desalination projects for irrigation. To achieve the objective, the study focused on two desalination projects for irrigation, one in the Chtouka plain and another in the Dakhla area, based on an assessment of the various components of the two projects, and the key success factors for each of them. The study reveals that the PPP arrangement brings several advantages to these desalination projects for irrigation, principally: the participation of the private partner in the financing, the sharing of risks between the two public and private parties, and the sustainable management of the various components of the project. The Dakhla project also offers added value compared with other desalination PPP projects, because it is the first project to be included in Law No. 86‐12 on PPP contracts. At the same time, the PPP structure presents risks in terms of controlling delays caused by external events. Thus, the inauguration of new desalination PPP projects, as part of the Generation Green strategy, is proving to be a relevant solution for guaranteeing additional resources for irrigation and improving the technical, economic, and financial conditions for managing the irrigation water service.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"10 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134973763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrition quality response of orange‐fleshed sweet potato (<i><scp>Ipomoea Batatas</scp> L. Lam</i>) varieties to deficit irrigation in Tanzania","authors":"Makama Arnold, Mbungu Winfred, Kihupi Nganga, Mahoo Henry","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12153","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Malnutrition in all its forms is a global problem, with the worst effects felt in developing countries. The importance of producing food to improve nutrition security is self‐evidently a promising approach to combating malnutrition. The present study assessed the nutritional quality response of orange‐fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) varieties to deficit irrigation (DI). The study's specific objectives were to (i) evaluate yield and root quality and (ii) assess the nutritional root yield and nutritional water productivity of selected OFSP varieties under full and DI. Beta‐carotene, iron, and zinc were the root quality parameters studied. A factorial arrangement of treatments was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The irrigation rates used for scheduling were 100% (full irrigation), 60% (60 [DI]), and 30% (30 [DI]) of total available water (TAW). The test varieties were Naspot‐13 and Jewel of the OFSP crop. The beta‐carotene content of the Jewel cultivar was 27% higher than that of the Naspot‐13 cultivar. However, neither cultivar's root quality changed under DI. The results show that serving 125 g of boiled OFSP varieties provides more than 100% of vitamin A, sufficient iron, and minimal zinc dietary requirements for 4‐ to 8‐year‐old children and 10‐ to 50‐year‐old pregnant women. In general, the nutritional water productivity of root quality parameters increased with a decrease in water application. In conclusion, a positive water‐food‐nutrition nexus was established under the Naspot‐13 variety, suggesting a capacity for alleviating vitamin A, iron, and zinc deficiency health‐related problems, particularly in children and pregnant women in regions with limited water resources. Therefore, adoption of DI strategies for underutilized crops using smart pressurized irrigation systems could be significant in undertaking water management reforms.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"AES-3 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135265808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities and challenges of irrigation in Morocco, Spain, and India: A critical analysis","authors":"Ayoub Guemouria, Wafae El Harraki, Ismail Elhassnaoui, Abdessamad Hadri, Abdelghani Chehbouni, Driss Dhiba, Lhoussaine Bouchaou","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12148","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Morocco is experiencing rapid development driven by population growth, increasing food demand, water stress, urbanization, emerging market opportunities, and climate change. Due to climate variability, Morocco faces significant climate risks, including a reduction in the number of rainy days, shorter growing seasons, changes in soil moisture levels, more frequent and intense droughts, flash floods, and rising temperatures. Without efficient irrigation systems, both quantitative and qualitative yields are low, crops are damaged or even lost, and incomes are diminished. In this scientific article, a critical analysis was conducted based on a comparative study of the situation of irrigation in Morocco, India, and Spain with the aim of learning from successful experiences and addressing gaps in the understanding of the opportunities and challenges associated with the implementation of effective irrigation systems. Data were collected through literature review to assess the status, challenges, opportunities, and future prospects of irrigation investments in the three countries. The evaluation was carried out through two pathways: analyzing the impacts of microirrigation on plot management and its effects on groundwater and basins. The findings of this study will provide significant contributions to future research and policymakers and pave the way for the implementation of integrated water resources management.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135265641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of efficient Smart Agro 4.0 irrigation systems for cotton in Peru and its public policy implications","authors":"Adriana Calderan Gregolin, Marcos Contreras, Emmanuel Salgado‐Funes, Gonzalo Tejada, Ingrid Zabaleta","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12157","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, agriculture has been affected by the impact of climate change. Technological innovations are required to meet the different challenges regarding production, costs, and efficient management of natural resources. In Peru, there are 2.3 million agricultural producers, with around 10,000 family farmers currently dedicated to cotton cultivation, concentrated mainly in the coastal valleys of the Ica, Lima, Lambayeque, Ancash, and Piura. To address the climate change impact and improve cotton production and the use of resources, an efficient irrigation system pilot using the Internet of Things (IoT), tensiometers, and weather stations was implemented between Telefónica and FAO within the framework of the +Cotton Project. This study aims to analyze and compare the results of using this technology between 2018 and 2019 during three agricultural campaigns by measuring water use and yield compared with producers without this technology in three areas of Peru. As a result, cotton yields increased by 53% and beans between 18% and 29% compared with neighboring farms, and optimized water use, generating savings of up to 20% in irrigation water and profitability of 50%. It also enabled control of plant growth and thus planned farm harvest time. This technology proved helpful for farmers and innovative compared with the flooding irrigation techniques used in the Peruvian cotton sector. It can be helpful in the development of public policies for water management and cotton production. However, its high value makes it necessary for national institutions to incorporate financing, plans, and adoption strategies, for its sustainability over time. In this regard, the exchange of knowledge and the work of international cooperation can support the establishment of appropriate measures for implementing this technology.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135265642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reuse of wastewater for irrigation of coriander in Morocco: Evaluation of effects on crop growth parameters","authors":"Hind Bel Haj, Hossain El Ouarghi, Yassine El Yousfi, Saif Elkhattabi, Khalid Ben Zhir, Said Benyoussef, Moulay Abdelazize Aboulhassan, Azzouz Krid, Mohamed Abioui","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12150","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Currently, the convergence of climate change, population growth, and deteriorating water quality has triggered a scarcity of freshwater resources, presenting substantial hurdles for agricultural endeavors. Consequently, repurposing treated wastewater for agricultural use is gaining prominence. This strategy offers a noteworthy advantage by furnishing an alternative water source, distinct from conventional freshwater, for agricultural irrigation. The considered irrigation water categories encompass treated wastewater, sewage treated with supplementary fertilization, treated water of a specific quality, and treated water quality fortified with fertilizer. An assessment of the treated wastewater extracted from the Imzouren‐Bni Bouayach treatment facility was undertaken, encompassing scrutiny of its physical, chemical, and bacteriological attributes. This analysis yielded measurements for a range of parameters, including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci. These measurements align with acceptable thresholds for direct discharge and are following Morocco's established water quality standards tailored for irrigation. In light of the soil analysis, the soil is classified as alkaline, with a pH of 8.2, and displays low salinity, evidenced by an electrical conductivity of 2.42 mS/cm. Furthermore, the soil exhibits deficiencies in organic matter and essential nutrients, with carbon content measuring 0.84%, organic matter at 1.45%, nitrogen at 0.07%, phosphorus at 10.6 mg/L, and potassium at 56.5 mg/L. The utilization of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes bestows the crop with a dependable water supply, ensuring stability in its growth.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"5 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135265792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water–energy–food nexus in Kenya: A review of policy interventions","authors":"Edwin Kimutai Kanda, Elizabeth Lusweti, Kevin O. Odhiambo","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12147","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The water–energy–food (WEF) nexus approach is important in promoting sustainable management of resources, alleviating poverty and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Given the importance of the WEF nexus, it is currently being promoted and developed in most countries via policy interventions as a response to climate change‐related problems and other nexus challenges. In the past, Kenya faced numerous challenges in achieving SDGs concerning food, water, and energy security. To address this, cross‐sectorial policy interventions, legal instruments, and institutional frameworks have been developed. Therefore, this review evaluates the major policies, interventions, and strategies related to WEF, their interconnection, and their relevance to SDG targets. The review also assesses the efficacy of the policies and highlights gaps and potential for policy change. The key strategic interventions considered include Kenya Vision 2030, agriculture, energy, and water policies. From the review, there have been some successful policy measures. However, the intricate interconnections between the water, energy, and food sectors necessitate a more integrated strategy for achieving sustainability. The water policy is central to the achievement of SDGs for WEF security. Therefore, there is a need for the implementation of a holistic approach between the WEF agencies and stakeholders to address the policy interventions required for sustainable development. Water policies should be aligned with other interlinked policies on food, energy, and the environment.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"92 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135366066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of wind energy for desalination of seawater for irrigation","authors":"Rajaa Tanji, Youssef Boutaibi","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12144","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the context of the scarcity of water resources and the population growth that the world is experiencing, the only resource still available in inexhaustible quantities is seawater. The exploitation of this resource is possible only through the use of desalination techniques. The cost of energy was always the main constraint to water desalination; scientists had to develop new techniques to use renewable energies, in particular wind energy, to satisfy the high energy consumption of desalination plants. Morocco enjoys a privileged geographical location. In fact, Morocco is surrounded by two seas: the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. In terms of energy, Morocco has a large wind potential, especially in the south. In fact, according to the, Morocco is the fourth renewable energy producer in Africa with a capacity of 3061 MW. Within this framework, an ambitious project is currently being prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture, Maritime Fisheries, Rural Development and Water and Forests of Morocco, the construction of a desalination plant for irrigation and a 40‐MW wind farm in Dakhla, which will serve a new irrigated area in Dakhla of 5000 ha. This desalination station and sea intake will be located 75 km north of Dakhla and will have a capacity of 100,000 m 3 /d, 30 million cubic meters per year. It will use reverse osmosis technology to produce water that meets international standards for irrigation water quality. This megaproject will have a significant economic impact on the Dakhla‐Oued Eddahab region: first, the production of nearly 500,000 t of agricultural production for an added value of about 50 million USD per year and second, the creation of nearly 10,000 permanent jobs.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"12 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135365924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology, practice, learning, and policy: Foundations to address water scarcity in Africa and beyond","authors":"Jeff Camkin, Susana Neto","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12156","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to World Water Policy Issue 9.4. Global water use has been increasing by about 1% per year over the last 40 years. This trend is expected to continue until 2050, driven by population growth, socio-economic development, and changing consumption patterns. Due to physical water stress and the acceleration of freshwater pollution, water scarcity is becoming endemic in more regions of the world. Under the context of climate change, seasonal water scarcity will increase in regions where water was previously abundant, such as Central Africa, East Asia, and parts of South America, and worsen in those regions where it was already in short supply, including the Middle East and the Sahel in Africa (UNESCO, 2023). While water availability per person varies, it has generally been decreasing around the world as populations grow. Per capita internal renewable water resources (IRWRs) declined by about 20% globally between 2000 and 2018. The greatest declines were in countries with the lowest per capita IRWRs, which are often located in Sub-Saharan Africa (41%), Central Asia (30%), Western Asia (29%), and Northern Africa (26%) (FAO, 2022). The global urban population facing water scarcity is projected to increase from 933 million (one-third of global urban population) in 2016 to 1.7–2.4 billion people (one-third to nearly half of global urban population) in 2050 (He et al., 2021). In considering this new reality, two things stand out: we must greatly accelerate our efforts to address current water and climate challenges and prepare for future challenges, and business as usual will not suffice. We need new, innovative ways to address those challenges (Camkin & Neto, 2023). With agriculture using about 72% of the global freshwater withdrawals (UN, 2023) and a continuation of rapid urban growth expected to result in an 80% increase in urban water demand by 2050 (Flörke et al., 2018), the reallocation of water from agriculture to urban centres is becoming a common strategy to address competition for freshwater in some regions. Together, the increasing competition for water and pressure for reallocation of water to urban centers have driven interest in improving irrigation water use, including the adoption of water-saving irrigation technologies and approaches, and investment in the development of new irrigation technology, among other policy measures. One particular area of interest is micro-irrigation—the application of water at low volume, low pressure, and high frequency aimed directly at the root zone of plants—which can reduce the likelihood of overwatering and prevent runoff and evaporation. Through surface or sub-surface application, micro-irrigation can increase yields and decrease water, fertilizer, and labor requirements. Irrigation technologies alone are not a solution, however. New technologies must be matched by an understanding of the specific irrigation context and local and national needs, proper design, operation, and maintenance of irrigatio","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135365928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on clogging of three different types of emitters with similar properties","authors":"Mohamed El Bouhali, Hamza Ouarriche, Firdaouss Bouisfi, Abdelkhalek Bouziane, Ahmed Zouine, Redouane Assoudi, Mohamed Chaoui","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12152","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The drip irrigation process has been designed to reduce water losses, and to combine irrigation, with the supply of fertilizers. However, in drip irrigation systems, the clogging of emitters is a major problem that significantly reduces the performance of drip irrigation systems. The water used in these systems is generally loaded with suspended matter, which might cause clogging of the emitters. This work was carried out in order to evaluate the clogging rate in three different types of emitters with roughly similar flow rates, tested in an experimental drip irrigation system, using water pumped from the Sebou River. Thus, a compensating‐pressure emitter named E1 and two non‐compensating‐pressure emitters named E2 and E3 were tested. Each dripper was subjected to 112 irrigations, which lasted 397 h and were spread over a period of 2 months. To evaluate the hydraulic performance of the emitters, the following three coefficients were used to measure the effect of clogging: (i) the variation of the flow ratio (Dra), which reflects the degree of clogging; (ii) the emission uniformity coefficient (EU); and (iii) the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU). No emitters became completely clogged during the experiment. However, as the clogging rate increased, the average flow rates measured in some emitters at the end of the test had decreased by 89% compared to the initial flow rates. During the experiment, flow fluctuations were observed during the evolution of the clogging, which could come from a partial recovery of flow.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"31 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135461368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rainwater harvesting and supplemental irrigation for cotton cultivation in Minas Gerais, Brazil","authors":"Calderan Gregolin Adriana, Salgado‐Funes Emmanuel, Tiburcio Jose, Zabaleta Ingrid","doi":"10.1002/wwp2.12154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12154","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The North of Minas Gerais, a large inland state in southeastern Brazil, is going through the worst drought of the last 80 years, only compared with the drought that occurred in the 1930s, when there was general devastation in the agricultural and livestock sector. Nevertheless, the cotton crop continues to stand out in the region as one of the few agricultural alternatives capable of generating income and employment due to its characteristic resistance to the effects of drought, which is not the case with other traditional crops. To this end, the Cooperativa dos Produtores Rurais de Catuti Ltda ‐ COOPERCAT (Cooperative of Rural Producers of Catuti) installed eight “Demonstration Units” (DUs) of cotton under supplemental irrigation through rainwater capture in the municipalities of Catuti, Mato Verde, Monte Azul, and Pai Pedro. This study aims to demonstrate that the adaptation of cotton production systems through the “Supplemental Irrigation” method in critical periods provides and guarantees family farmers sustainable cotton production and, on the other hand, to evaluate a production model suitable to the climatic reality of Northern Minas. Since the implementation of this technology, cotton fiber production has increased by 72% from 2015 to date in a 19% smaller area, and total cotton production increased by 58%. As of 2022, cotton producers continue to use this supplemental irrigation methodology, demonstrating that the technology is viable, impacts cotton production, and is effective as a resilience measure to climate change and drought. In addition, this technology proves to be in line with Brazilian public policies, adds value to cotton production, addresses food security, and acts as a model for irrigation initiatives in Minas Gerais and other areas of Brazil.","PeriodicalId":285503,"journal":{"name":"World Water Policy","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135461362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}