Beyond MedicinePub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501754586
P. Dutton
{"title":"Beyond Medicine","authors":"P. Dutton","doi":"10.1515/9781501754586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501754586","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter explains that the preeminent challenge of US social reform today is to create a balanced health system that can meet the challenges of the twenty-first century. Policies will need to simultaneously encourage continued progress in biomedical curative care, assure universal access to it, and enhance the social and physical environments that are imperative for a healthy life. This book's comparative historical analysis reveals that purposeful state action in France, Germany, and Sweden helped to create balanced health systems that produce better population health outcomes than the United States. The chapter looks at the Health in All Policies (HIAP) movement. Rather than relying on health care systems to attenuate the negative social determinants on individuals, HIAP recognizes head-on that transformational improvement requires political power. The health impact assessment (HIA) plays a central role in the Health in All Policies approach. It informs policy makers and the greater public about how seemingly unrelated decisions outside the health field can affect health.","PeriodicalId":285014,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125436356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond MedicinePub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0002
P. Dutton
{"title":"Infant and Child Health in the United States and France","authors":"P. Dutton","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines French infant and child health programs that laid the foundation for France's family-centered social democracy. Throughout, it compares French developments to US policies and programs that sought similar child health goals in order to explain why the two nations' outcomes diverged. The comparison begins in the 1870s, when France's infant mortality rate was similar to that of the United States. During these early years, French and American social reformers, physicians, and public health experts collaborated to craft policies aimed at the reduction of maternal and infant mortality, the improvement of child health, and the alleviation of disparities between population subgroups. Ultimately, however, France proved more successful in achieving and sustaining its gains in infant and child health, even as the country experienced dramatic demographic shifts after 1950 due to immigration from its former colonial empire in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The chapter then identifies what lessons American policy makers might learn, adopt, or adapt from the French experience.","PeriodicalId":285014,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121750914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond MedicinePub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0004
P. Dutton
{"title":"After Work in the United States and Sweden","authors":"P. Dutton","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates the health of the elderly in Sweden and the United States, focusing on populations that are no longer active in the labor force. For most workers in the United States and Europe, the working years are followed by a period of voluntary withdrawal from the labor market. Sweden earned third place on the Global AgeWatch ranking of ninety-six countries. The rating considers health outcomes, income security, financial capability, and an enabling environment in determining the best places to grow old. Meanwhile, the United States ranks ninth. The chapter looks at three social determinants that the World Health Organization has identified as the most important to healthy aging: (1) financial security, including the ability of the elderly to afford appropriate and safe housing, to maintain a nutritious diet, and to benefit from adequate means of transport; (2) social integration, the degree to which elderly people participate in the community, through continued employment, volunteering, or activity in sports, clubs, or other social organizations; and (3) access to preventive and curative health services, including long-term care, and the proximity of these services to the community in which elderly people live.","PeriodicalId":285014,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Medicine","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122623408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond MedicinePub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0003
P. Dutton
{"title":"Workers’ Health in the United States and Germany","authors":"P. Dutton","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the institutions and policies that influence the health of working-age Germans and Americans. Work (or the absence of paid work) is one of the most important determinants of health in advanced industrial societies. The nature of one's work differentially determines one's risk of unemployment, which is strongly linked to heightened rates of mortality and morbidity. Work also bears directly on health through potential exposure to toxic agents and other physical dangers. No less important are the psychosocial dimensions of the work environment. Substantial evidence links greater employee control of the workplace to better health outcomes. Conversely, a relative absence of worker power is detrimental to health. The development of employee participation in German firm management began in the 1920s, culminating in the Codetermination Law of 1976. That law mandates that workers' representatives fill half the supervisory board seats in all firms with more than two thousand employees. The chapter then considers the links between German workers' enhanced psychosocial work environments and their superior health status in comparison to their American counterparts.","PeriodicalId":285014,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Medicine","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121614135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond MedicinePub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0001
P. Dutton
{"title":"Relative Decline Is Decline All the Same","authors":"P. Dutton","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754555.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This introductory chapter provides an overview of the actual health of Americans. Health outcomes fall into two broad categories: mortality and health-related quality of life. Mortality refers to life expectancy at birth, while health-related quality of life outcomes capture health status and are measured in functional terms drawn from clinical data and surveys. In addition to describing the average health of a nation, health outcomes also provide crucial information about the distribution of health among population subgroups according to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, gender, sexual orientation, and other criteria. These data are essential to the identification of health inequities and the formulation of policies to rectify them. The chapter elaborates that the book argues that a nation's health system must be constructed in order to protect people's health from many culprits, such as infectious disease and lack of medical care, but also social factors like financial insecurity, housing shortages, and racial discrimination, all of which influence one's opportunity to live a healthy life. It compares the US health system to that of France, Germany, and Sweden. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the strengths of social democratic health systems while simultaneously exposing analogous weaknesses in the United States.","PeriodicalId":285014,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Medicine","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124311176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond MedicinePub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9781501754586-006
{"title":"3. After Work in the United States and Sweden","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501754586-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501754586-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285014,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126135609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond MedicinePub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9781501754586-003
{"title":"Introduction. Relative Decline Is Decline All the Same","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501754586-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501754586-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285014,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Medicine","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128541164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond MedicinePub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9781501754586-004
{"title":"1. Infant and Child Health in the United States and France","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501754586-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501754586-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285014,"journal":{"name":"Beyond Medicine","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114920738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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