Relative Decline Is Decline All the Same

P. Dutton
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Abstract

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the actual health of Americans. Health outcomes fall into two broad categories: mortality and health-related quality of life. Mortality refers to life expectancy at birth, while health-related quality of life outcomes capture health status and are measured in functional terms drawn from clinical data and surveys. In addition to describing the average health of a nation, health outcomes also provide crucial information about the distribution of health among population subgroups according to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, gender, sexual orientation, and other criteria. These data are essential to the identification of health inequities and the formulation of policies to rectify them. The chapter elaborates that the book argues that a nation's health system must be constructed in order to protect people's health from many culprits, such as infectious disease and lack of medical care, but also social factors like financial insecurity, housing shortages, and racial discrimination, all of which influence one's opportunity to live a healthy life. It compares the US health system to that of France, Germany, and Sweden. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the strengths of social democratic health systems while simultaneously exposing analogous weaknesses in the United States.
相对衰落终究是衰落
这一引言章概述了美国人的实际健康状况。健康结果分为两大类:死亡率和与健康有关的生活质量。死亡率是指出生时的预期寿命,而与健康有关的生活质量结果则是指健康状况,并以临床数据和调查得出的功能术语来衡量。除了描述一个国家的平均健康状况外,健康结果还根据种族、民族、社会经济阶层、性别、性取向和其他标准,提供了关于人口亚群中健康分布的重要信息。这些数据对于查明卫生不公平现象和制定纠正这些现象的政策至关重要。这一章详细阐述了这本书认为,一个国家的卫生系统必须建设,以保护人们的健康免受许多罪魁祸首的影响,如传染病和缺乏医疗保健,但也有社会因素,如经济不安全,住房短缺,种族歧视,所有这些都会影响一个人过上健康生活的机会。它将美国的医疗体系与法国、德国和瑞典的医疗体系进行了比较。2019冠状病毒病大流行展示了社会民主卫生系统的优势,同时也暴露了美国类似的弱点。
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