{"title":"Organization as Chaosmos","authors":"H. Tsoukas","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198794547.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794547.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on the philosophy of Cornelius Castoriadis, I argue that organization is an ever incomplete effort to shape chaos and formlessness. More specifically, organization consists of three ontological components, each pointing to a different function/process: representation, meaning-making, and improvisation. First, portions of the world need to be re-presented in terms of the ensidic logic for an entity to become organized. Secondly, while through representation human actions are sought to be decontextualized, they are necessarily rooted in the practice of a particular community, through which they acquire collectively shared meanings. Thirdly, both syntax (rules) and semantics (meanings) are applied by concrete people in a concrete world, which is infinitely more complex than its representations. There is always a phronetic gap between representations and the world, which is filled in through actors improvising. When a human system is said to be organized, all three functions/processes must be in place.","PeriodicalId":280064,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Organization Theory","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130327026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performing Phronesis","authors":"H. Tsoukas","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198794547.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198794547.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Practical wisdom and judgment, rather than seen as “things” hidden inside the mind, are best talked of as emerging developmentally within an unceasing flow of activities in which practitioners are immersed. When practitioners (namely, individuals immersed in a practice, experiencing their tasks through the emotions, standards of excellence, and moral values the practice engenders) face a bewildering situation in which they do not know how to proceed, the judgment they exercise emerges out of seeking to establish a new orientation to their puzzling surroundings. They do so through actively trying to be in touch with their felt emotions and moral sensibilities, while attempting to articulate linguistically the feelings experienced, in order to get a clearer view of relevant aspects of the situation at hand. Coming to a judgment involves moving around within a landscape of possibilities, and in so doing, being spontaneously responsive to the consequences of each move.","PeriodicalId":280064,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Organization Theory","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128474667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Don’t Simplify, Complexify","authors":"H. Tsoukas","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198794547.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794547.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that, rather than theory development aiming at simplifying complex organizational phenomena, it should aim at complexifying theories—theoretical complexity is needed to account for organizational complexity. Defining the latter as “nontrivial” action, it explores a complex “system of picturing” of organizations as objects of study that provides an alternative to the dominant disjunctive style of thinking. Complex theorizing is conjunctive: it seeks to make connections between diverse elements of human experience through making those analytical distinctions that will enable the joining up of concepts normally compartmentalized. Insofar as conjunctive theorizing is driven by the need to preserve the “living forwards–understanding backwards” dialectic, it is better suited to grasping the logic of practice and doing justice to organizational complexity. This argument is illustrated with several examples from organizational and management research.","PeriodicalId":280064,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Organization Theory","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124032199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The “Metaphor” Metaphor","authors":"H. Tsoukas","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198794547.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198794547.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter revisits Gareth Morgan’s seminal book Images of Organization and considers its main thesis—that organizations have no essence, but we can bring out their features through the metaphorical lenses we see them through—in the context of pragmatist-hermeneutical philosophy. Morgan’s “metaphor” metaphor approaches organizations as texts, inviting readers to become sophisticated readers of organizational life. Images of Organization, rather than providing ready-made answers, provides its readers with the resources to search for answers, thus enabling readers-practitioners to refine their ordinary practices of understanding, and become phronetic practitioners who must simultaneously maintain what Dewey called “a state of doubt” while searching for better candidates of belief.","PeriodicalId":280064,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Organization Theory","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124567524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Craving for Generality and Small-N Studies","authors":"H. Tsoukas","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198794547.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794547.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the question: “How can findings from case studies and ethnographies be generalized?” It advances an epistemological defence of small-N studies in the context of organization and management theory by drawing on Wittgenstein, and argues that the distinctive theoretical contribution of small-N studies stems from seeing particular cases as opportunities for further refining our conceptualization of general processes. Theorizing is an analogical process: small-N studies researchers notice analogies with processes described in other studies and, in an effort to account for the specificity of the particular case under study, draw new distinctions and thus further refine what is currently known. It is not so much analytical generalization that small-N studies aid as heuristic generalization (or analytical refinement). By doing so, the craving for generality is the craving for a clearer view. They aid generic understanding without annihilating the epistemic significance of the particular.","PeriodicalId":280064,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Organization Theory","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115112538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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