MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic)最新文献

Long-Term Cultural Barriers to Sustaining Collective Effort in Vaccination Against COVID-19 持续开展COVID-19疫苗接种集体努力的长期文化障碍

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3943011

T. Vu

{"title":"Long-Term Cultural Barriers to Sustaining Collective Effort in Vaccination Against COVID-19","authors":"T. Vu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3943011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3943011","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to shed light on long-term cultural barriers to strengthening collective action in COVID-19 vaccination. I propose that rugged individualism, characterized by emphasis on self-reliance and strong antipathy to government intervention, is linked to a greater prevalence of resistance to inoculation against the novel coronavirus across American counties. The main hypothesis of this paper rests upon the premise that a culture of rugged individualism is conducive to the emergence and persistence of mistrust, political polarization and distrust in science, which undermine collective effort in vaccination. Using subnational data for the United States, I consistently find evidence that rugged individualism, captured by long-run exposure to the westward-moving frontier in American history, has a positive influence on the predicted share of the population that is hesitant towards voluntary vaccination against COVID-19. In addition, individualistic counties tend to suffer from under-vaccination, measured by lower rates of the population that has been fully inoculated against COVID-19. More broadly, the findings suggest that rugged individualism is an impediment to resolving collective action problems, notwithstanding the widely acknowledged positive impact of individualistic cultures on innovation and long-run economic performance.","PeriodicalId":278192,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128927776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The Immunisation against COVID-19 as a Global Public Good 作为全球公共产品的COVID-19免疫接种

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3919659

J. Baeumler, Julieta Sarno

{"title":"The Immunisation against COVID-19 as a Global Public Good","authors":"J. Baeumler, Julieta Sarno","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3919659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3919659","url":null,"abstract":"In 2020, COVID-19 emerged and spread rapidly across the globe. Soon thereafter, the World Health Assembly (WHA) proclaimed the immunisation against COVID-19 a Global Public Good in its Resolution WHA 73.1. What the concept of Global Public Good (GPG) entails, both generally, and, in particular with respect to international law, are far from settled. This article aims to further develop an understanding of this concept and to frame its meaning in the context of immunisation against COVID-19. It argues that while the concept originated in economics, it carries normative value and has implications for different areas of international law. The Resolution concretises a duty to cooperate in the context of immunisation. Furthermore, it requires us to think beyond state borders as well as beyond states’ responsibilities and market mechanisms. This article will explore the repercussions of the normative concept of Global Public Goods within the framework of human rights law, international security law, international economic law, and intellectual property rights. The reference to the concept of Global Public Goods provides an overarching framework in a matter that concerns the international community. Thus, it requires us to develop and provide for international instruments of concrete collective action.","PeriodicalId":278192,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129412425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Infectious Diseases and Conventional Discrimination 传染病和传统歧视

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-07-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3878529

Megumi Murakami

引用次数: 0

Equilibrium Social Activity during an Epidemic 流行病期间的平衡社会活动

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3878073

David McAdams, Yangbo Song, Dihan Zou

{"title":"Equilibrium Social Activity during an Epidemic","authors":"David McAdams, Yangbo Song, Dihan Zou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3878073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3878073","url":null,"abstract":"During an infectious-disease epidemic, people make choices that impact transmission, trading off the risk of infection with the social-economic benefits of activity. We investigate how the qualitative features of an epidemic's Nash-equilibrium trajectory depend on the nature of the economic benefits that people get from activity. If economic benefits do not depend on how many others are active, as usually modeled, then there is a unique equilibrium trajectory, the epidemic eventually reaches a steady state, and agents born into the steady state have zero expected lifetime welfare. On the other hand, if the benefit of activity increases as others are more active (“social benefits”) and the disease is sufficiently severe, then there are always multiple equilibrium trajectories, including some that never settle into a steady state and that welfare dominate any given steady-state equilibrium. Within this framework, we analyze the equilibrium impact of a policy that modestly reduces the transmission rate. Such a policy has no long-run effect on society-wide welfare absent social benefits, but can raise long-run welfare if there are social benefits and the epidemic never settles into a steady state.","PeriodicalId":278192,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133206945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Attack rate of COVID-19 and the onset of herd immunity in Manaus, Brazil 巴西马瑙斯市COVID-19的发病率和群体免疫的发生

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3876334

D. He, Yael A. Artzy‐Randrup, S. Musa, Tiago Gräf, P. Hallal, F. Naveca, L. Stone

引用次数: 0

A Few Variables Capture over 70% of State-Level Variance in U.S. COVID Deaths 几个变量占美国州一级COVID死亡人数差异的70%以上

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-06-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3869984

Joseph Sill

{"title":"A Few Variables Capture over 70% of State-Level Variance in U.S. COVID Deaths","authors":"Joseph Sill","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3869984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3869984","url":null,"abstract":"A U.S. state-level analysis of factors associated with COVID-19 deaths reveals inequality (as defined by the Gini coefficient) to be far and away the strongest single-variable predictor, capturing 40% of vari ance in COVID deaths and 49% of variance in all-cause excess deaths since the start of the pandemic. A linear regression model with 5 independent variables accounts for over 70% of variation in COVID deaths,as does a 4-variable linear regression model for all-cause excess deaths. Similar models for COVID and all-cause excess deaths since October 1achieve similar results. Coefficients are highly significant (p <0.01) in almost all cases. A consistent finding across all 4 models is that a state’s relative humidity is strongly associated with fewer deaths after controlling for other factors. Lockdown stringency (as measured by the Oxford stringency index) is also strongly associated with fewer deaths for all models. Other significant factors for some models include population density, nursing home resident density, voting patterns shifting towards Donald Trump vs. prevous Republican candidates, and share of population under 18 years old. The models pass various robustness checks. The results are reproducible via an open-access data repository and Python notebook made available online.","PeriodicalId":278192,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116339723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

COVID-19 Second Wave: Challenges and Revival Measures 第二波疫情:挑战与应对措施

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-05-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3851110

Dr. C. Sivakkolundu Chinnu

引用次数: 0

COVID-19 Time-varying Reproduction Numbers Worldwide: An Empirical Analysis of Mandatory and Voluntary Social Distancing COVID-19全球时变再生产数字:强制性和自愿性社会距离的实证分析

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3576703

A. Chudik, M. Pesaran, A. Rebucci

{"title":"COVID-19 Time-varying Reproduction Numbers Worldwide: An Empirical Analysis of Mandatory and Voluntary Social Distancing","authors":"A. Chudik, M. Pesaran, A. Rebucci","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3576703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3576703","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates time-varying COVID-19 reproduction numbers worldwide solely based on the number of reported infected cases, allowing for under-reporting. Estimation is based on a moment condition that can be derived from an agent-based stochastic network model of COVID-19 transmission. The outcomes in terms of the reproduction number and the trajectory of per-capita cases through the end of 2020 are very diverse. The reproduction number depends on the transmission rate and the proportion of susceptible population, or the herd immunity effect. Changes in the transmission rate depends on changes in the behaviour of the virus, reflecting mutations and vaccinations, and changes in people's behaviour, reflecting voluntary or government mandated isolation. Over our sample period, neither mutation not vaccination are major factors, so one can attribute variation in the transmission rate to variations in behaviour. Evidence based on panel data models explaining transmission rates for nine European countries indicates that the diversity of outcomes resulted from the non-linear interaction of mandatory containment measures, voluntary precautionary isolation, and the economic incentives that governments provided to support isolation. These effects are precisely estimated and robust to various assumptions. As a result, countries with seemingly different social distancing policies achieved quite similar outcomes in terms of the reproduction number. These results imply that ignoring the voluntary component of social distancing could introduce an upward bias in the estimates of the effects of lock-downs and support policies on the transmission rates.","PeriodicalId":278192,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114745240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Monitoring of the Situation with the Coronavirus Pandemic and the Measures to Contain It over January 15 to February 1, 2021 2021年1月15日至2月1日新型冠状病毒大流行疫情监测及防控措施

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-02-09 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3782427

Y. Ponomarev, A. Makarov, Kseniia Borzykh, D. Radchenko

引用次数: 0

A Comment on 'Modeling COVID-19 Scenarios for the United States' 关于“美国新冠肺炎情景建模”的评论

MedRN: COVID-19 Research (Topic) Pub Date : 2020-11-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3725716

Phillip W. Magness

引用次数: 1