{"title":"Multi-frequency shift key and differential phase shift key for acoustic modem","authors":"L. LeBlanc, P. Beaujean","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532413","url":null,"abstract":"An underwater acoustic modem has been developed for autonomous underwater vehicles that is robust and low cost. It uses a single TI320c31 DSP chip to transmit packets of multi-frequency orthogonal chirp pulses to overcome noise and multi-path interference. It is robust and can be operated in a chirp multi-frequency shift key (CMFSK) or chirp differential phase shift key (CDPSK) mode. The MFSK mode is more robust but lower in baud rate (2000 baud) compared to the DPSK (4000 baud).","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"114 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128982091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study of aperture area reduction and resolution improvement of underwater ultrasonic imaging system","authors":"S. Cheng, Min-Kang Chao","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532431","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an imaging method to reduce the aperture area while improving the cross-range resolution by using a cylindrical aperture combined with a digital signal processing technique called the \"post-focusing\" for the C-scope underwater MSAUIS (monostatic synthetic aperture ultrasonic imaging system). Both theoretical and experimental studies are conducted. This paper demonstrates that the conventional synthetic aperture (SA) processing is a simplified case of the post-focusing when the transducer is idealized as a point-like one. A non-focused transducer is adopted in the experiments, and the monostatic point reflector spreading function (MPSF) of transducer is obtained by performing the same experimental procedure to a point-like reflector. Results show, the MPSF of transducer is a crucial blurring factor affecting the image resolution of the underwater MSAUIS, and the post-focusing method is better than the conventional SA processing for cross-range resolution improvement. The synthetic cylindrical aperture can form a larger illuminating area than the SPA of the same aperture area.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"22 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120887510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acoustic video-signal transmission system for autonomous underwater vehicle","authors":"J. Kojima, Y. Shirasaki","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532434","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the acoustic video-signal transmission system for an autonomous underwater vehicle. The acoustic transmission system can transmit a color image of 160/spl times/120 pixels per one second over 1600 meters in distance. The size and weight of the electronics are very small and light enough to be put in a small AUV. The power consumption, that is less than 20 watts, is small enough for AUVs. The transmission speed is 16,000 BPS. In order to realize this system, quadrature phase-shift-keying, adaptive equalizer, image compression, and error correction code for error free transmissions are employed. A wideband transducer was developed for high-speed transmission. It has a small size, light weight, and high sensitivity. A vertical transmission test was carried out in a depth of 100 meters. As a result of this test, it was found that this system has enough Doppler immunity and can transmit images more than 1600 meters in distance without any errors if the SNR (signal to noise ratio) is greater than 15 dB. In the sea test of our AUV, the images of the sea floor were successfully transmitted. This test was carried out at a depth of 400 meters, and no transmission errors were detected.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"230 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123878590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Subspace stability in high resolution direction finding and signal enumeration","authors":"M. Kotanchek, J. Dzielski","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532416","url":null,"abstract":"Subspace-based array signal processing methods (e.g. MUSIC, ESPRIT, GEESE, etc.) implicitly require an accurate partitioning of the sampled data into signal and orthogonal (\"noise\") subspaces-in essence, an accurate estimate of the number of independent signals arriving at the array. Information-theoretic enumeration approaches have been proposed to avoid ad hoc criteria. Unfortunately, the models and assumptions used for information-theoretic approaches are often not valid for underwater environments due to wavefront spreading, array element coupling, flow noise, distributed sources, etc. To relax the enumeration criteria, we exploit the stability of the signal subspace for persistent signal sources coupled with the a priori knowledge of the array manifold. In-water sonar data is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in situations where conventional information-theoretic criteria fail. Although a variety of formulations are possible which exploit the model validity assessment and subspace stability, the proposed SSET (Subspace Stability Exploitation Tracker) approach presented is attractive due to the relatively low computational demands. Essentially, the approach involves applying multiple hypothesis target tracking algorithms to the movement of potential signal roots in the complex plane derived from matrix-shifting implementations of subspace DOA estimation algorithms. Due to the relatively low computational demands and indifference to the noise covariance structure, SSET is appropriate for real-time in-water implementation.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"15 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123045507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Architecture for an autonomous reconfigurable intelligent control system (ARICS)","authors":"A. Yavnai","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532421","url":null,"abstract":"ARICS is an embedded autonomous mission controller (AMC), designed to be used onboard highly autonomous vehicles (AV). It is designed to meet the requirements for extended autonomous capabilities. Such capabilities are required by long range, long endurance AVs, such as autonomous underwater vehicles-AUVs. Although the architecture is kept as generic and common as possible, the specific functional processing modules (FPMs) may be different for various vehicles and applications. ARICS is designed to provide the AUV with the following onboard, real-time, self-contained capabilities: a) Goal-directed and event-driven reactive mission and system management; b) Plan updating, adjusting, or replanning; c) Complete in-mission, on-the-move, planning; d) Context-sensitive and event-driven exception handling; e) Fault management, error recovery, and module/functionality reconfiguration; f) Coordinating the AUV's cooperative operation with other AUVs, when operating in cooperative mode; g) Optimal resource management. This paper describes the architecture of ARICS, the architecture of the Mission Manager, the architecture of the main FPMs, the data flow between the processes, as well as, design principles and implementation issues.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130067911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Control of an autonomous underwater vehicle testbed using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms","authors":"J. Guo, S. Huang","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532451","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we applied fuzzy logic controllers on the control problem of an autonomous underwater vehicle testbed. Fuzzy logic controllers are rule-based system. Usually, one incorporate knowledge and experiences of experts into the controller design. In some applications, however, it is difficult to find an experienced expert or it is not so intuitive to incorporate expert's knowledge into the control system, particularly when many constraints are imposed on the controller design. In this study, genetic algorithms are applied to obtain a nearly optimal rule base for the fuzzy logic controller in the sense of fitness. Pool tests are conducted to show the testbed performance in its heading control mode. Our results lead to the conclusion that even in tripled sampling time and under parameter variations and disturbances, the fuzzy logic controller tuned by genetic algorithms can greatly enhance the control robustness, and improve the control quality from performance degeneration.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125264565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geometric methods for robust stabilization of autonomous underwater vehicles","authors":"Naomi Ehrich Leonard","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532449","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe feedback stabilization strategies for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) that are robust to uncertainties in hydrodynamic parameters. The approach uses geometric methods to exploit the structure of a six degree-of-freedom nonlinear dynamic vehicle model and avoids having to cancel or linearize nonlinearities.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126861039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Significance of envelope detection in underwater acoustic imaging systems","authors":"A. Trucco, V. Murino","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532415","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the significance of the envelope detection operation, commonly performed on the output signals generated by a sonar imaging system, before of the visualisation. Although imaging systems are often linear processes, envelope detection destroys phase information, thus producing a nonlinear contribution. Within this paper, the relative importance of the nonlinear contribution is evaluated, in a general way, and its incidence in real sonar systems has been analysed, in a practical way, by performing several simulations. Simulations results have pointed out a considerable incidence of such nonlinearities on the quality of obtained images.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133947983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensors for a forward-looking high resolution AUV sonar","authors":"F. Nussbaum, G. T. Stevens, J. G. Kelly","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532410","url":null,"abstract":"An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) needs to be fitted with a forward looking sonar designed to work in the difficult acoustic conditions encountered in shallow water environments. Detection and classification of objects in shallow water requires the sonar to provide significantly more acoustic resolution than is available with current in-service small vehicle sonars. Consequently, design of a shallow water sonar will involve marked departures from prior systems in terms of operating frequency, array geometry and signal processing requirements. A notable consequence is that the acoustic array of a high resolution imaging sonar will contain hundreds of sensors. The feasibility of implementing hundreds of sensors in an AUV sonar will depend on finding a sensor that meets requisite technical requirements and is affordable. This paper describes and discusses two candidate acoustic sensor technologies, one of which has already been incorporated into a high resolution array and one that has been tested in a prototype array and is currently being fabricated into a full size array.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128576951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David S. Barrett, M. Grosenbaugh, M. S. Triantafyllou
{"title":"The optimal control of a flexible hull robotic undersea vehicle propelled by an oscillating foil","authors":"David S. Barrett, M. Grosenbaugh, M. S. Triantafyllou","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532833","url":null,"abstract":"Determining the optimal swimming motion for a flexible hull robotic undersea vehicle propelled by an oscillating foil is an acutely complex problem involving the vehicle's body kinematics and the hydrodynamics of the surrounding water. The overall intractability of the hydrodynamics of a flexible body precludes a purely analytical solution. The immense size of the experimental variable space prevents a purely empirical one. In order to overcome both difficulties, we have developed a self-optimizing motion controller based on a genetic algorithm. This controller effectively uses evolutionary principles to exponentially optimize swimming performance.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125781112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}