{"title":"A pragmatic software architecture for UUVs","authors":"K. Ganesan, S.M. Smith, K. White, T. Flanigan","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532418","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the software control architecture that is being used at Florida Atlantic University for the autonomous underwater vehicles, Ocean Voyager II, and Ocean Explorer series. The architecture comprises of several supporting tools including a shared memory management system, a data logger, a monitor, various types of arbiters, and several managers to handle scheduling. One of the goals of the architecture is to automate various functionalities as much as possible and to be able to support the implementation of either a behavioral or hierarchical architecture or a combination of both. The implementation is very flexible, easy to understand, yet powerful enough to support the development of software for real-time autonomous robotic systems.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127723088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-linear controller with switched control law for tracking control of non-cruising AUV","authors":"W. Lam, T. Ura","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532403","url":null,"abstract":"Noncruising AUVs have to be controlled directly by thrusters placed in suitable directions. Some of the problems for controlling noncruising AUVs in precise maneuver are: nonlinear dynamics of AUV, uncertain output from thruster in nonsteady condition, slow response during thruster reversal, and substantial noise in sensor data when the quantity to be measured is small. Practically when plant parameters are uncertain, tracking performance deteriorates significantly when the output is corrupted by noise for most controller design methods. Based on sliding control methodology, a nonlinear, robust controller with switched control law is proposed for the tracking control of noncruising AUV. Controller design can be done with only rudimentary knowledge of the dynamics of the system, without the need of accurate parameter identification. In this system output error feedback is switched on and off by looking at the measurement output and its derivatives. Since the derivatives are not used directly in the feedback, chattering can be reduced. Position tracking is possible in realistic conditions with noisy measurement data. Although identification model is not necessary for the design, performance can be further improved by including such model as feed forward controller. To fine tune the performance of the controller, methods of successfully using identification model and digital filters is discussed. The controller is implemented on the noncruising AUV 'Twin-Burger' of the University of Tokyo and experiments are carried out to verify the performance of the controller.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129464649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A color texture based visual monitoring system for automated surveillance","authors":"G. Paschos, K. Valavanis","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532435","url":null,"abstract":"A complete visual monitoring system that performs segmentation and classification based on color and texture information is presented. Color information is combined with texture and corresponding segmentation and classification algorithms are developed. Emphasis is given to the segmentation part of the proposed system whose function is to detect and measure changes (loss/gain) that occur in a given environment over a period of time. The xyY color space is used. The two chromaticity coordinates are combined into one, thus, providing the chrominance (spectral) part of the image, while Y describes the luminance (intensity) image information. The proposed color texture segmentation system processes luminance and chrominance separately. Luminance is processed in four stages: filtering/smoothing, similarities computation, and boundary detection. Chrominance processing is performed in two stages: histogram multithresholding and region growing. Two or more images may be combined at the end in order to detect possible changes, where the exclusive-OR (XOR) operator is utilized. Results in both the xyY and HIS color spaces are presented.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128354601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Miniaturized and reconfigurable instrumentation for multipurpose survey with a Mini Autonomous Underwater Vehicle MAUVE-project","authors":"A. H. Carof","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532397","url":null,"abstract":"The overall objective of the MAUVE project is to develop and validate at sea a miniaturized, reconfigurable, mobile and autonomous instrumented vehicle, dedicated to multipurpose survey, in particular in coastal waters. It will be characterized by coherent integration of a compact automatic multiparameter measurement module with a very small autonomous underwater vehicle, enabling sensor-driven navigation. Such a demonstrator, derived from an existing \"torpedo-shaped\" AUV (CALAS), will be developed and validated at sea in Mediterranean coastal waters, within two configurations. However, the potentialities of the \"MAUVE\" project open a much wider spectrum of potential applications, ranging from the monitoring of sub-ice conditions to the surveillance of various dumping sites, through the inspection of the quality of bathing waters.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121414343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Greiner, A. Shectman, Chikyung Won, R. Elsley, P. Beith
{"title":"Autonomous legged underwater vehicles for near land warfare","authors":"H. Greiner, A. Shectman, Chikyung Won, R. Elsley, P. Beith","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532399","url":null,"abstract":"We are developing autonomous legged underwater vehicles (ALUVs) for mine hunting in the surf zone. The ALUVs are inexpensive autonomous crab-like robots. They will be deployed in large numbers and will operate without central control and largely independently of one another. Collectively, they will systematically search a craft landing zone, locate mines and obstacles, and destroy them. During Phase I, our Ursula ALUV demonstrated the feasibility of a legged robot walking under water and detecting mines. We are now (in Phase II) developing the Ariel ALUV which is optimized for fast, efficient underwater walking and better mine detection.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121576086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Video mosaicking along arbitrary vehicle paths","authors":"S. D. Fleischer, H.H. Wang, S. Rock, M.J. Lee","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532427","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the experimental verification of a novel method for real-time video mosaicking of the ocean floor from a semi-autonomous underwater vehicle. In order to enable mosaicking along unconstrained vehicle paths, it is essential to reduce the propagation of image alignment errors within the mosaic. We have developed iterative smoother-follower techniques to reduce these errors, and we have proven their effectiveness in the laboratory environment. We also present our results from a concurrent research effort to demonstrate a completely autonomous video mosaicking mission. By transferring our vision technologies to OTTER (Oceanographic Technologies Testbed for Engineering Research), we have created a prototype system for visual survey of the sea floor. In particular, we discuss the development of a new vision processing subsystem and its integration into the AUV control system.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133117619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gradient search with autonomous underwater vehicles using scalar measurements","authors":"E. Burian, D. Yoerger, A. Bradley, Hanumant Singh","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532404","url":null,"abstract":"We examine how AUVs can be used to locate features of interest from scalar measurements without exhaustive search. It is first shown how the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) was used to successfully locate the deepest part of a pond. ABE computed the total water depth by combining the computed vehicle depth with the return of a single beam sonar altimeter. While moving in a straight line, ABE was able to estimate the gradient of total water depth along the vehicle track. By executing circular maneuvers, ABE was further able to estimate the 2D horizontal slope of the bathymetry. These two functions were combined to produce a procedure to locate the deepest point in the search region. This was accomplished without the need for a global navigation system. It is discussed how a vehicle with the capabilities of ABE could be used to locate hydrothermal vents using temperature, optical backscatter or chemical tracers as the search parameter. Data from an actual preprogrammed survey conducted by ABE in an area of sea-bed hydrothermal activity is illustrated. This data has been combined with measurements conducted by moorings, towed vehicles and the manned deep submersible Alvin to create a mathematical model of a vent field as might be seen by an AUV maneuvering through the region. Using this model we will show techniques for locating hydrothermal vents based on gradient following and other optimization methods that exploit the current understanding of the structure and physics of hydrothermal plumes.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114652225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. White, S.M. Smith, K. Ganesan, D. Kronen, G.J.S. Rae, R.M. Langenbach
{"title":"Performance results of a fuzzy behavioral altitude flight controller and rendezvous and docking of an autonomous underwater vehicles with fuzzy control","authors":"K. White, S.M. Smith, K. Ganesan, D. Kronen, G.J.S. Rae, R.M. Langenbach","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532407","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the performance of the fuzzy behavioral decision based controller (FBDC) approach used to control the bottom altitude flight controller of the Ocean Voyager II (OVII) and Ocean Explorer (OEX) autonomous underwater vehicles. This paper also describes the approach planned for implementing rendezvous and docking capability on the OEXs. This approach is based on an inexpensive short base-line navigation system and a fuzzy docking controller.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120858902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Levine, R. Lueck, P. Donaghay, D. Conners, T. Gagliardi, R. C. Hanson, R. Shell
{"title":"Turbulence and optics sampling from an autonomous underwater vehicle","authors":"E. Levine, R. Lueck, P. Donaghay, D. Conners, T. Gagliardi, R. C. Hanson, R. Shell","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532442","url":null,"abstract":"The adaptation of synergistic sensor technologies to AUV platforms enables a new class of sampling strategies not available with older technologies. The combined turbulence, optics, and hydrographic data acquisition capabilities can be utilized for near-synoptic horizontal mapping in a variety of estuarine and continental shelf process studies. Horizontal profiles of turbulence are obtained using two piezoceramic shear probes orthogonally to the direction of motion, a single ultrafast thermistor, and three orthogonal accelerometers, mounted on a sting. Horizontal profiles of optical absorption and attenuation are obtained with a WET Labs AC-9 instrument mounted in a wet well, with the proper flow rate provided by a pump. Field trials in the Narragansett Bay tidal estuary in January 1996 resulted in obtaining turbulence and optical data from the UUV during near-spring ebb tide. UUV-based observations were made in the deep pycnocline, as well as in the ocean surface layer during wind row occurrences. A portion of the data has been examined for evaluation of noise effects on the turbulence data. In general, this analysis that meaningful estuarine turbulence data can be obtained from an autonomous underwater vehicle, and its relation to the optics data can be studied.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121047880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of a small, cheap UUV for under-ship inspection and salvage","authors":"D.P. Miller","doi":"10.1109/AUV.1996.532395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUV.1996.532395","url":null,"abstract":"Small UUVs have a wide variety of uses including inspection, instrument placement, specimen gathering and salvage. However the uses of these UUVs has been limited by two factors: 1. Cost-UUVs have been traditionally quite expensive, putting them well out of the reach of the traditional marine operator. 2. Wires-Most UUVs trail a cable for power, control, and video back to the operator. The cable makes it difficult to use the UUV in kelp, or in the presence of nets or other UUVs. This paper describes the design and function of a small (less than 10 kg) and inexpensive UUV that is given a mission description and then carries out that mission autonomously. The UUV can home in on a beacon, assuring its recovery at the end of the mission. This vehicle can be used for everything from inspecting a fouled propeller to placing a piece of equipment on the ocean floor in the middle of a kelp forest.","PeriodicalId":274258,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115475113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}