{"title":"Architectural Roles of Affect and How to Evaluate Them in Artificial Agents","authors":"Matthias Scheutz","doi":"10.4018/jse.2011070103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jse.2011070103","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the possibility of designing affective artificial agents by laying out a program for systematically defining and evaluating possible functional roles of affective states in architectures for virtual and robotic artificial agents. The author provides functional and architectural characterizations for simple and complex affective states, discusses possible interactions between affective and non-affective processes, and proposes an experimental evaluation framework that allows for the rigorous quantification of the utility of architectural components (for affective and non-affective agents alike). In doing so, it also provides a brief overview of past findings about the utility of affect mechanisms for artificial agents that were obtained following the proposed methodology.","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128452598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diana Arellano, J. Varona, Francisco J. Perales López
{"title":"Why Do I Feel Like This?: The Importance of Context Representation for Emotion Elicitation","authors":"Diana Arellano, J. Varona, Francisco J. Perales López","doi":"10.4018/jse.2011070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jse.2011070102","url":null,"abstract":"One of the milestones in creation of virtual characters is the achievement of believability, which can be done through the representation of emotions using behaviours, voice, or facial expressions. To know which emotions to elicit in a variety of situations it is necessary to have a framework for reasoning, which is why context representation is important when creating synthetic emotions. It provides a description of what is occurring around the character, eliciting different emotions in the same situation or the same emotions in different situations. The novelty of this work is the representation of context, not only as events in the world, but also as the internal characteristics of the character, which when related with the events, give believable emotional responses.","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114974507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Becker-Asano, L. Cañamero, A. Chella, J. Broekens, I. Horswill
{"title":"Invited Commentaries: Responses to Eva Hudlicka's \"Guildelines for Designing Computational Models of Emotions\"","authors":"C. Becker-Asano, L. Cañamero, A. Chella, J. Broekens, I. Horswill","doi":"10.4018/jse.2011070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jse.2011070104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131535063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On Realizing a Multi-Agent Emotion Engine","authors":"S. B. Nair, W. Wilfred Godfrey, Dong Hwa Kim","doi":"10.4018/jse.2011070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jse.2011070101","url":null,"abstract":"Emotions have always been a complex phenomenon and research on their causes and effects have been fraught with debates. Though a reasonable and unified theory seems lacking, there have been many attempts at building models that emote. This paper describes a multi-agent approach that aids robot emotion. Emotions are grounded on percepts from sensors and generated by dedicated emotion agents that work concurrently with others – the positive suppressing the negative and vice versa while stimulating their own kinds. Each agent forms a metaphor of an emotion-generating entity that has a replenishing capability. Both the replenishing of an emotion resource and the sampling of the environment are based on fuzzy logic. Sampling of the percepts from the sensors is based on an adrenaline-like effect. Stimulations, suppressions, emotion resource, and a look-back before decay feature embed a deep and dynamic emotional milieu into a machine. The paper presents and discusses how three emotions churned from percepts gathered by a robot act as an emotional control juice capable of governing the manner of its motion along a path.","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"524 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132351580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Are Robots Autistic?","authors":"N. Khetrapal","doi":"10.4018/jse.2010070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jse.2010070104","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the implications of the embodied approach for understanding emotional processing in autism and the consequent application of this approach for robotics. In this pursuit, author contrasts the embodied approach with the traditional amodal approach in cognitive science and highlights the gaps in understanding. Other important issues on intentionality, intelligence and autonomy are also raised. The paper also advocates a better integration of disciplines for advancing the understanding of emotional processing in autism and deploying cognitive robotics for the purpose of developing the embodied approach further.","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123185002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Polite Behaviors Expressed by Robots: A Psychological Experiment in Japan","authors":"T. Nomura, Kazuma Saeki","doi":"10.4018/jse.2010070103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jse.2010070103","url":null,"abstract":"A psychological experiment was conducted to straightforwardly investigate the effects of polite behaviors expressed by robots in Japan, using a small-sized humanoid robot that performed four types of behaviors with voice task instructions. Results of the experiment suggested that the subjects who experienced \"deep bowing\" motion of the robot felt it more extrovert than those who experienced \"just standing\" motion. Subjects who experienced \"lying\" motion of the robot felt the robot less polite than those who experienced the other motions. Female subjects more strongly feeling the robot extrovert replied for the task instruction from the robot faster, although no such trend was found in the male subjects. However, the male subjects who did not perform the task felt the robot less polite than the male subjects who performed the task and the female subjects who did not perform the task.","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116795376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chatterbox Challenge as a Test-Bed for Synthetic Emotions","authors":"Jordi Vallverdú, Huma Shah, D. Casacuberta","doi":"10.4018/jse.2010070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jse.2010070102","url":null,"abstract":"Chatterbox Challenge is an annual web-based contest for artificial conversational systems, ACE. The 2010 instantiation was the tenth consecutive contest held between March and June in the 60th year following the publication of Alan Turing's influential disquisition 'computing machinery and intelligence'. Loosely based on Turing's viva voca interrogator-hidden witness imitation game, a thought experiment to ascertain a machine's capacity to respond satisfactorily to unrestricted questions, the contest provides a platform for technology comparison and evaluation. This paper provides an insight into emotion content in the entries since the 2005 Chatterbox Challenge. The authors find that synthetic textual systems, none of which are backed by academic or industry funding, are, on the whole and more than half a century since Weizenbaum's natural language understanding experiment, little further than Eliza in terms of expressing emotion in dialogue. This may be a failure on the part of the academic AI community for ignoring the Turing test as an engineering challenge.","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114532651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emotion in the Pursuit of Understanding","authors":"D. Levine, L. Perlovsky","doi":"10.4018/jse.2010070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jse.2010070101","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of cognitive processes, such as decision making and creative problem solving, for a long time neglected the contributions of emotion or affect in favor of analysis based on use of deliberative rules to optimize performance. Since the 1990s, emotion has increasingly been incorporated into theories of these cognitive processes. Some theorists have in fact posited a \"dual-systems approach\" to understanding decision making and high-level cognition. One system is fast, emotional, and intuitive, while the other is slow, rational, and deliberative. However, one's understanding of the relevant brain regions indicate that emotional and rational processes are deeply intertwined, with each exerting major influences on the functioning of the other. Also presented in this paper are neural network modeling principles that may capture the interrelationships of emotion and cognition. The authors also review evidence that humans, and possibly other mammals, possess a \"knowledge instinct,\" which acts as a drive to make sense of the environment. This drive typically incorporates a strong affective component in the form of aesthetic fulfillment or dissatisfaction.","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121670829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emotions as Durative Dynamic State for Action Selection","authors":"J. Bryson, Emmanuel Tanguy","doi":"10.4018/jse.2010101603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jse.2010101603","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a representation system for maintaining interacting durative states to replicate realistic emotional control. Our model, the Dynamic Emotion Representation (DER) integrates emotional responses and keeps track of emotion intensities changing over time. The developer can specify an interacting network of emotional states with appropriate onsets, sustains and decays. The levels of these states can be used as input for action selection, including emotional expression. We present both a general representational framework and a specific instance of a DER network constructed for a virtual character. The character's DER uses three types of emotional state as classified by duration timescales, in keeping with current emotional theory. The system is demonstrated with a virtual actor.","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131103631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Film Theory and Chatbots","authors":"Robby G. Garner","doi":"10.4018/ijse.2014010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijse.2014010103","url":null,"abstract":"The tools described in film theory are used to invoke feelings in the viewer as a form of entertainment. Some of these tools apply more directly to chatbots than others. Film combines visual images, music, and dialog to accomplish its goals. Conversing with a chatbot is akin to using a telegraph, or instant messaging on a cell phone. However, written communication may still convey emotions and feelings that people interpret on their own as they chat. It is useful to speak of the emotional content of written communications using film theory terminology.","PeriodicalId":272943,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Synth. Emot.","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126196934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}