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The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World最新文献

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The Greek Crown Games 希腊皇冠运动会
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.10
M. Mari, P. Stirpe
{"title":"The Greek Crown Games","authors":"M. Mari, P. Stirpe","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"The crowns of the four major Panhellenic crown games reveal the religious and symbolic meaning of the plants of whose leaves they were made. Special attention will also be paid to the historical, political, and socio-economic reasons why these four festivals became the most prestigious and popular in the Greek world from the archaic period onwards. Texts and inscriptions reveal many organizational features of the games. The wider regional function of the festivals is evidenced even in organization. The games were also important occasions for trading, for communicating news of international relevance, for announcing military and political initiatives and building up alliances, or for advertising literary and artistic works. Victor lists, ‘archival documents’, monuments and dedications at the sites preserved public memories and created cultural unities. The prestige of crown games was shared by many local games designated as ‘isolympic’, ‘isopythian’, and so on during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123724024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Greek Footraces and Field Events 希腊田径和田赛项目
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.19
D. Romano
{"title":"Greek Footraces and Field Events","authors":"D. Romano","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"Greek athletic contests have some Bronze Age and Homeric precedents. Games in myth and literature suggest funeral games and festival contexts. The Peloponnesian sanctuaries of Zeus at Olympia and Mt Lykaion evidence Bronze Age origins for the cults and perhaps the games. Discussed here are the stadium (stadion) and its footraces—stade (a stadium’s length), diaulos (two lengths), hippios (four lengths), dolichos (a distance race of up to twenty-four lengths), and hoplite (in which the athletes wore armour); also treated are the pentathlon (jump, javelin, discus, running, and wrestling), boxing, pankration, the Heraea footrace for girls, and torch races.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121910465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Too Much of a Good Thing 过犹不及
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.5
Lesley Dean-jones
{"title":"Too Much of a Good Thing","authors":"Lesley Dean-jones","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"In classical Greece physicians were not in direct competition with gymnastics trainers. Both professions had expertise in the effects of exercise on the body, but their expertise dealt with different kinds of bodies and had different aims. Doctors used exercise to keep or return bodies to health; trainers developed bodies to perform certain types of exercise. In maintaining and inducing health, doctors were usually concerned simply to balance bodily constituents, but some advice on more vigorous exercise for individuals diagnosed with incipient illness illuminates ancient concepts on how the body could be improved by training for specific athletic events. Pursuing these techniques for too long, however, could lead to disease.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127547588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pompeii and Games 庞贝与运动会
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.44
Luciana Jacobelli
{"title":"Pompeii and Games","authors":"Luciana Jacobelli","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.44","url":null,"abstract":"Pompeii represents a special lens for understanding urban games during the Roman period, with its preservation of the daily surroundings, monuments, and artefacts of performers, organizers, and fans, as well as the notices (edicta), graffiti, paintings, and objects that attest to the arrangements for and engagement with spectacles. Particularly important is the evidence for how Pompeii (and likely other small towns) differed from Rome: as to scale, the financial resources of local magistrates, obviously, could not compare to those of the emperor. Pompeiian graffiti indicate that deaths were few during fights and the architectural details of the amphitheatre point not to the participation of ferocious wild beasts, but rather local animals. The painted edicta suggest that the occasion and dates for spectacle did not coordinate with the most important festivals celebrated in Rome or in the main towns of Campania. Nevertheless, games held great importance even in a ‘minor’ urban context such as Pompeii, as evident in the popularity achieved by some magistrates for having organized munificent games, and in the spreading celebrity of performers, so deeply rooted in society today.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127500273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Patterns of Politics in Ancient Greek Athletics 古希腊竞技运动中的政治模式
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.24
P. Valavanis
{"title":"Patterns of Politics in Ancient Greek Athletics","authors":"P. Valavanis","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"Greek athletics were of high political significance in view of their place in religion and communal festivals. This is reviewed in terms of votive offerings; the status of a group, a ruler, or an individual within a community; interstate rivalries, colonization and state formation; elite status, kudos, and political capital, especially in chariot-racing. The examples of Cleisthenes of Sikyon and the Alcmaeonids of Athens, among others, are discussed. The rivalry of Athens and Sparta in athletics and chariot events is also examined, e.g. the cases of the Spartans Lichas, Cynisca, and Agesilaus, and the Athenian Alcibiades. The participation of ‘peripheral’ Greek cities (Italy, Sicily, Cyrene) in Panhellenic games bolstered their Greek identity and served their rulers too. Macedonian rulers, e.g. Alexander I, Philip II and Alexander the Great, notably took part in Greek games for the fifth century on, and so asserted their Greek identity and their domain. The Panathenaic Games served political aims not only for Athenian elite, but also for Ptolemies and Macedonians.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"310 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122821862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Overview and Approaches 概述和方法
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.27
T. Scanlon
{"title":"Overview and Approaches","authors":"T. Scanlon","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"The aims, scope, structure and cultural background of the present volume are outlined here. It aims to present progressive current thought in the field and indicate directions for future work. It also juxtaposes Greek and Roman games and spectacle, to shed light on similarities and differences in the two cultures, and also to suggest parallels in other cultures, including our own. It aims to facilitate research and provoke thinking in particular aspects of Greek sport and Roman spectacle. The focus of the collection is to an extent in the social contexts of games, namely the evolution of sport and spectacle diachronically and geographically across cultural and political boundaries, and how games are adapted to multiple contexts and multiple purposes, reinforcing, for example, social hierarchies, performing shared values, and playing out deep cultural tensions. This chapter also interrogates the terms for sport today and in antiquity, and presents the high value placed on sport by ‘following the money’ in both eras.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133165050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Greek Hippic Contests 希腊嬉皮竞赛
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.35
N. Nicholson
{"title":"Greek Hippic Contests","authors":"N. Nicholson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"Hippic contests constituted a surprisingly complex and contested semiotic system. This essay examines the hierarchies that structured this system to show how hippic contests gave visible form to various values and hierarchies that underpinned the larger social order. Equestrian contests as a whole were privileged over gymnastic contests; certain equestrian events were privileged over others (chariot over horse, four-horse over two-horse, stallion over mare, horse over mule); and the owner and the horse were privileged over the driver. In each case, however, it is also possible to trace challenges to these hierarchies, so that hippic contests should be thought of not so much as a vehicle for affirming a certain social order than as a particularly visible locus of ideological struggle.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123600778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
‘Professional’ Organizations in the Hellenistic World 希腊化世界的“专业”组织
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.25
Ingomar Weiler
{"title":"‘Professional’ Organizations in the Hellenistic World","authors":"Ingomar Weiler","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution focuses on the development of the so-called ancient ‘professionalism’ in sport. Beginning with an often quoted passage in Galen’s Thrasyboulos and some critical comments by Plato and Euripides on athletes, the paper discusses the various definitions of professional athletes in modern scholarship (E. N. Gardiner, H. A. Harris, J. Jüthner, H. W. Pleket, N .B. Crowther, D. Young, H. Lee, M. Golden, D. G. Kyle). The last mentioned scholars show that the application of the nineteenth-century concepts of amateurism and professionalism to ancient sports is anachronistic. There, however, is no doubt that changes existed in the history of athletics since the foundation of the gymnasium. The rise of ‘professionalism’ is connected to this development. The second part discusses various types of ‘worldwide’ athletic guilds (synodos tōn hieronikōn kai stephaneitōn, ecumenical federation of athlētai). These guilds made efforts to retain guarantees concerning their privileges, exemptions, and honors. Two documents from the late Hellenistic period (inscription of Erythrae, letter from Mark Antony) illustrate these endeavours.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123615558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ludi and Factiones as Organizations of Performers 演出者组织的剧团与派别
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.45
S. Tuck
{"title":"Ludi and Factiones as Organizations of Performers","authors":"S. Tuck","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.45","url":null,"abstract":"Major performers in Roman spectacle entertainments (animal hunters, gladiators, and charioteers) were not independent contractors but members of organizations with far-reaching influence in social, political, and economic activities. Indeed, these empire-wide organizations shaped distinctive identities for performers and fans alike. Analysis of these affiliations’ personnel reveals that the hunters, venatores, had regional collectives that not only recruited, trained, and provided performers but also engaged in lucrative trade of commodities from Roman Africa. The gladiatorial ludi and familiae similarly prepared combat specialists for local, provincial, and imperial munera. The four circus factions, largest and most complex, maintained thousands of employees in an empire-wide presence, acquiring and training racehorses and charioteers for the stabulae factionum in major Roman cities. This efficiency and well-established structure enabled them to take charge after third-century changes made the factions responsible for providing the performers for all spectacular entertainments across the late Roman empire.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124999920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Roman Games and Spectacle 罗马竞技与竞技
The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.31
David Potter
{"title":"Roman Games and Spectacle","authors":"David Potter","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199592081.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"As the Roman world became increasingly influenced by the spread of Christianity, contemporary social and political practices both shaped and were shaped by the new religion. For Christians the realm of public spectacle was marked by ambiguities, as religious authority figures strove to reconcile these cultural expressions, their origins embedded in commemorations of the pagan state, with their own evolving notions of what it was to be Christian. As Christian emperors co-opted the consolidated circus organization and the racing factions that spread from it, late antique public spectacles became a key venue for the formation of Christian identity.","PeriodicalId":272437,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127806046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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